PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL TEST BANK EXAM 2024 #6
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.: The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
2. True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring
about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F): a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
3. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but
one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out
respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.: I believe it is the smaller
cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for respiration to occur efficiently
and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very critical; also, if the larger surface
area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a
smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less
active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume
ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of
surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active
because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface
area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
4. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?: During swal- lowing the epiglottis
moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a
passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and, preventing these things from
entering into the lungs.
5. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:: Oropharynx
,PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL TEST BANK EXAM 2024 #6
6. Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B-
Label D-
Label E-
Label F-
Label G- : B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
7. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:: Primary bronchi, secondary
bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
8. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers.: Hypergastrinemia leads to ex- cess secretion of the gastrin hormone,
which induces excess secretion of hydrochlo- ric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then
acts as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would
lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
9. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 3:
4:
7:
9:
10: : 3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
10.Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the
following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.: Parietal and
chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous, secrete
hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl in the stomach; and,
chief cells secrete te enzymes
,PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL TEST BANK EXAM 2024 #6
pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating
a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In
addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is
essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the
stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into
the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
11.Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: 1:
3:
5:
7:
8: : 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses 3:
Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
12.Label the bones in the figure below:
A:
B:
C:
D:
E: : A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
C. Capitate
D.Trapezoid
E. Trapezium
13.A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2)
What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer.: (1) The textbook states that
osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone tissue degenerates faster than it is
replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more likely to fracture due to
them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible for
bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdown of
the bone which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take the calcium
from the blood.
, PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL TEST BANK EXAM 2024 #6
14.Label the following five muscles:
B:
C:
E:
G:
J: : B: Temporalis C:
Orbicularis oculi
E: Zygomaticus major G:
Buccinator
J: Depressor labii inferioris
15.When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs?
A. Elbow extension
B. Wrist extension
C. Extension of digit 1
D. Extension of digits 2-5
E. A&C
F. B&D: F. B&D
16.Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not.: Yes,
the textbook stated that both the male and female bodies produce "all" the sex hormones;
however, the ratios are different; also, the adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing
this "opposite" hormone that the gonads of the person does not.
17.List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:
I promote the reabsorption of water at the collecting ducts of the kidneys.: -
ADH
18.List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:
I am secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas.: Insulin
19.Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency?: When there is
a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary gland continues to produce TSH; so,
the thyroid reacts by increasing in size and producing a goiter, but this increase in size is
ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine.
20.A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indi- cated by the arrow.
B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor?: A) Pacinian
1. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.: The abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
2. True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring
about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F): a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
3. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but
one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out
respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.: I believe it is the smaller
cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for respiration to occur efficiently
and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very critical; also, if the larger surface
area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a
smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less
active respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume
ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of
surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active
because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface
area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
4. Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?: During swal- lowing the epiglottis
moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a
passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and, preventing these things from
entering into the lungs.
5. Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:: Oropharynx
,PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL TEST BANK EXAM 2024 #6
6. Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B-
Label D-
Label E-
Label F-
Label G- : B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
7. From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:: Primary bronchi, secondary
bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
8. Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers.: Hypergastrinemia leads to ex- cess secretion of the gastrin hormone,
which induces excess secretion of hydrochlo- ric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then
acts as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would
lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
9. Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 3:
4:
7:
9:
10: : 3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
10.Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the
following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.: Parietal and
chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous, secrete
hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl in the stomach; and,
chief cells secrete te enzymes
,PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL TEST BANK EXAM 2024 #6
pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating
a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In
addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is
essential in the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the
stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into
the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
11.Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: 1:
3:
5:
7:
8: : 1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses 3:
Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
12.Label the bones in the figure below:
A:
B:
C:
D:
E: : A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
C. Capitate
D.Trapezoid
E. Trapezium
13.A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2)
What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer.: (1) The textbook states that
osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone tissue degenerates faster than it is
replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more likely to fracture due to
them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible for
bone repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdown of
the bone which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take the calcium
from the blood.
, PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL TEST BANK EXAM 2024 #6
14.Label the following five muscles:
B:
C:
E:
G:
J: : B: Temporalis C:
Orbicularis oculi
E: Zygomaticus major G:
Buccinator
J: Depressor labii inferioris
15.When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs?
A. Elbow extension
B. Wrist extension
C. Extension of digit 1
D. Extension of digits 2-5
E. A&C
F. B&D: F. B&D
16.Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not.: Yes,
the textbook stated that both the male and female bodies produce "all" the sex hormones;
however, the ratios are different; also, the adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing
this "opposite" hormone that the gonads of the person does not.
17.List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:
I promote the reabsorption of water at the collecting ducts of the kidneys.: -
ADH
18.List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below:
I am secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas.: Insulin
19.Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency?: When there is
a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary gland continues to produce TSH; so,
the thyroid reacts by increasing in size and producing a goiter, but this increase in size is
ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine.
20.A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indi- cated by the arrow.
B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor?: A) Pacinian
