SPCE 630 Final Exam Prep All Questions And 100%
Correct Answers 2024-2025
Visual Analysis of Graphed Data - The answer is the foundation of and most common
method of data analysis in SCD research, especially to determine whether an
experiment shows experimental control. "Refers to systematic procedures applied to
assess certain features of data patterns and make judgment about the presence of a
functional relation.
advantages of visual analysis disadvantages of visual analysis - Answer -can be used to
evaluate data of individuals or small groups depending on the unit of analysis specified
in the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and analyzed frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly related to the
original research question or program objective.
Graphical presentation of data allows for independent analysis and interpretation of
results
Formative visual analysis - Solution completed within and across conditions to
determine behavior change within the course of a study.
Behavior change - Solution is said to take place when data patterns in one condition are
different from the data patterns within the subsequent adjacent condition for same
variable(s).
summative visual analysis - Answer completed after treatment has been implemented,
over several chances to show behavior change in determining whether a functional
relation is present between the independent and dependent variable.
adjacent conditions - Answer in SCD research, investigators examine data patterns
,within and across adjacent conditions; when data in one condition differ from what is
predicted based on the preceding condition, behavior change is demonstrated.
Formative analysis has been completed in two steps: Answer 1. within and across
adjacent condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
Within-condition visual analyses - answers are done to perceive patterns within one
condition during the study. The within-condition visual analyses of level, trend,
variability/stability are crucial in determining when conditions are changed, whether
adaptations need to be made, or showing information with regard to answering
research questions.
Starting point would be the initial condition; you want to see stability of data across at
least three to five sessions before making a condition change.
Condition Change Criteria: Should be done a priori based on hypothesized data
patterns. These will guide both formative and summative decisions about experimental
control.
level - Response refers to the quantity of behavior that occurs as defined by the ordinate
scale value. the feature of greatest interest for behavioral change and is typically
characterized as low, moderate, or high.
trend - Response the slope and direction of a data series or the direction that data are
moving over time. three features can be described : trend directions, trend magnitude
and trend stability.
Trend direction - Response called accelerating, decelerating, or zero celebrating Trend
can be further described by magnitude and is commonly reported as steep or gradual
and coupled with direction Also report whether the direction of a trend is improving
(therapeutic) or deteriorating (contra-therapeutic).
contra therapeutic trend - An answer represents common data pattern in SCD data that
may occur within a condition and especially prior to the introduction of the independent
variable. This term refers to trends that are in opposite direction of hypothesized
direction of improvement and can establish need for the intervention.
,variability - Answer wobble from point to point and is the complement of stability; in data
with no slope this can be summarized as range of data values within a condition or as %
of data points falling within a given stability envelope
Stability-a condition that can be answered by the predictability and consistency of data
values. Scales and ranges of y axes can easily influence perceptions of this.
Between Condition Visual Analysis: The purpose of this is to determine whether a
behavior change has occurred. In SCD research, a specific condition (B) is implemented
and then re-implemented to one data series in an alternating manner. A typical example
is A-B-A-B, or to more than one data series with a multiple baseline design, in order to
assess whether there is a functional relationship between independent and dependent
variables.
functional relations - Answers are clearcut demonstrations that an independent variable
produced reliable and consistent change in a dependent variable. the goal of SCD
research is to determine whether behavior change occurs when the intervention is
introduced, and whether the behavior change can vive reliably replicated.
data analysis between adjacent conditions includes establishing: -Answer a) changes in
level, trend, variability of the data b) immediacy of the change c) amount of data overlap
between adjacent conditions d) consistency of data patterns across similar conditions
immediacy of change: Answer across adjacent conditions refers to the extent to which
behavior change takes place immediately the intervention is introduced. When a
dramatic shift in level takes place immediately following introduction of a new condition,
it is referred to as an abrupt change in level and is indicative of an immediately powerful
or immediately effective intervention.
overlap - An answer describes values of data in one condition that are within the same
range of values of data in the next adjacent condition.
Consistency-Answer: the extent that data patterns in one condition are similar to data
patterns in other conditions. Confident determination that a functional relation exists
, requires consistency in data patterns between iterations of the same condition and
inconsistency in data patterns between different, adjacent conditions.
possible demonstrations of effect-this response a functional relation can be determined
when a) there are a sufficient number of this, three opportunities to demonstrate
behavior change contingent on condition change and b) visual analysis indicates
consistent changes in data occur for all possible demonstrations
the presence of a functional relation can be established when - Answer a) there is a
successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition b) similar conditions generate
similar levels and trends within (intra participant replication) and across (inter
participant replication) participants in a study. at least three demonstrations of behavior
change must be obtained to establish experimental control
magnitude-This, or amount of behavior change may be of interest if a functional relation
is present. Magnitude of effect is assessed by comparing the amount and consistency of
change across the conditions and cases within a study directly resulting from the
intervention.
systematic process for conducting visual analysis - Answer 1. sufficient number of data
points within conditions to establish data patterns.
2. clear boundaries between conditions on level, trend, or variability
3. shift in level, trend, and/or variability between successive conditions
4. degree of overlap and rapidness of change in data pattern between successive
conditions
5. overlap of change within conditions across cases
6. expected patterns of change
7. magnitude of change between conditions and cases
Visual analysis entails a plan of action - Answer a) calculating frequency of data to be
plotted
b) consider how data will be graphically displayed
c) consider which characteristics of data will be the focus of within and between
Correct Answers 2024-2025
Visual Analysis of Graphed Data - The answer is the foundation of and most common
method of data analysis in SCD research, especially to determine whether an
experiment shows experimental control. "Refers to systematic procedures applied to
assess certain features of data patterns and make judgment about the presence of a
functional relation.
advantages of visual analysis disadvantages of visual analysis - Answer -can be used to
evaluate data of individuals or small groups depending on the unit of analysis specified
in the research question.
-data are collected repeatedly, graphed as they are collected, and analyzed frequently
-focuses on analysis of individual data patterns
-discovery of potentially interesting findings that may not be directly related to the
original research question or program objective.
Graphical presentation of data allows for independent analysis and interpretation of
results
Formative visual analysis - Solution completed within and across conditions to
determine behavior change within the course of a study.
Behavior change - Solution is said to take place when data patterns in one condition are
different from the data patterns within the subsequent adjacent condition for same
variable(s).
summative visual analysis - Answer completed after treatment has been implemented,
over several chances to show behavior change in determining whether a functional
relation is present between the independent and dependent variable.
adjacent conditions - Answer in SCD research, investigators examine data patterns
,within and across adjacent conditions; when data in one condition differ from what is
predicted based on the preceding condition, behavior change is demonstrated.
Formative analysis has been completed in two steps: Answer 1. within and across
adjacent condition analyses
2. systematic examination of specific data characteristics
Within-condition visual analyses - answers are done to perceive patterns within one
condition during the study. The within-condition visual analyses of level, trend,
variability/stability are crucial in determining when conditions are changed, whether
adaptations need to be made, or showing information with regard to answering
research questions.
Starting point would be the initial condition; you want to see stability of data across at
least three to five sessions before making a condition change.
Condition Change Criteria: Should be done a priori based on hypothesized data
patterns. These will guide both formative and summative decisions about experimental
control.
level - Response refers to the quantity of behavior that occurs as defined by the ordinate
scale value. the feature of greatest interest for behavioral change and is typically
characterized as low, moderate, or high.
trend - Response the slope and direction of a data series or the direction that data are
moving over time. three features can be described : trend directions, trend magnitude
and trend stability.
Trend direction - Response called accelerating, decelerating, or zero celebrating Trend
can be further described by magnitude and is commonly reported as steep or gradual
and coupled with direction Also report whether the direction of a trend is improving
(therapeutic) or deteriorating (contra-therapeutic).
contra therapeutic trend - An answer represents common data pattern in SCD data that
may occur within a condition and especially prior to the introduction of the independent
variable. This term refers to trends that are in opposite direction of hypothesized
direction of improvement and can establish need for the intervention.
,variability - Answer wobble from point to point and is the complement of stability; in data
with no slope this can be summarized as range of data values within a condition or as %
of data points falling within a given stability envelope
Stability-a condition that can be answered by the predictability and consistency of data
values. Scales and ranges of y axes can easily influence perceptions of this.
Between Condition Visual Analysis: The purpose of this is to determine whether a
behavior change has occurred. In SCD research, a specific condition (B) is implemented
and then re-implemented to one data series in an alternating manner. A typical example
is A-B-A-B, or to more than one data series with a multiple baseline design, in order to
assess whether there is a functional relationship between independent and dependent
variables.
functional relations - Answers are clearcut demonstrations that an independent variable
produced reliable and consistent change in a dependent variable. the goal of SCD
research is to determine whether behavior change occurs when the intervention is
introduced, and whether the behavior change can vive reliably replicated.
data analysis between adjacent conditions includes establishing: -Answer a) changes in
level, trend, variability of the data b) immediacy of the change c) amount of data overlap
between adjacent conditions d) consistency of data patterns across similar conditions
immediacy of change: Answer across adjacent conditions refers to the extent to which
behavior change takes place immediately the intervention is introduced. When a
dramatic shift in level takes place immediately following introduction of a new condition,
it is referred to as an abrupt change in level and is indicative of an immediately powerful
or immediately effective intervention.
overlap - An answer describes values of data in one condition that are within the same
range of values of data in the next adjacent condition.
Consistency-Answer: the extent that data patterns in one condition are similar to data
patterns in other conditions. Confident determination that a functional relation exists
, requires consistency in data patterns between iterations of the same condition and
inconsistency in data patterns between different, adjacent conditions.
possible demonstrations of effect-this response a functional relation can be determined
when a) there are a sufficient number of this, three opportunities to demonstrate
behavior change contingent on condition change and b) visual analysis indicates
consistent changes in data occur for all possible demonstrations
the presence of a functional relation can be established when - Answer a) there is a
successful attempt to replicate effects of a condition b) similar conditions generate
similar levels and trends within (intra participant replication) and across (inter
participant replication) participants in a study. at least three demonstrations of behavior
change must be obtained to establish experimental control
magnitude-This, or amount of behavior change may be of interest if a functional relation
is present. Magnitude of effect is assessed by comparing the amount and consistency of
change across the conditions and cases within a study directly resulting from the
intervention.
systematic process for conducting visual analysis - Answer 1. sufficient number of data
points within conditions to establish data patterns.
2. clear boundaries between conditions on level, trend, or variability
3. shift in level, trend, and/or variability between successive conditions
4. degree of overlap and rapidness of change in data pattern between successive
conditions
5. overlap of change within conditions across cases
6. expected patterns of change
7. magnitude of change between conditions and cases
Visual analysis entails a plan of action - Answer a) calculating frequency of data to be
plotted
b) consider how data will be graphically displayed
c) consider which characteristics of data will be the focus of within and between
