SPCE 630 Exam Questions And 100% Correct
Answers Latest Update
What are the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement? - Answer Validity, accuracy,
and reliability.
Describe validity as one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement. What does it
measure? Must address 3 equally important elements:(a) measurement directly of a
socially significant target behavior, (b) measurement of a dimension of the target
behavior relevant to the question or concern about the behavior and (c) assurance that
the data are representative of the behavior's occurrence under conditions and during
times that are most relevant to the question or concern about the behavior.
Define accuracy within the context of one of the 3 indications of "trustworthy"
measurement. What does it measure? - Answer Refers to the extent to which the
observed value matches the true state or true value of the event as it exists in nature.
Must be determined if there is a measurement bias.
Reliability is one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement. It measures
consistency of data collection.
An outcome is produced when measuring a procedure and the same outcome is
reproduced each time. - Answer
How do we ensure our data are valid, accurate, and reliable? Answer Researchers and
practitioners who evaluate the validity of their data are able to (a) make a decision early
in an analysis if the data are valid to support experimental or treatment decisions, (b)
locate and rectify measurement errors, (c) identify consistent patterns in measurement
errors that can lead to the overall improvement or calibration of the measurement
system, and (d) advise others about the relative trustworthiness of the data.
What are some procedures that provide direct and indirect measurement? - Answer
Direct observation is an example of direct measurement and questionnaires filled out by
parents is an example of indirect measurement.
,Describe the difference between continuous recording and sampling recording. Give
examples of each, and advantages and disadvantages. How do we do each type of
recording? 106-107 - Answer Continuous recording is considered the gold standard in
applied behavior analysis because it records behaviors constantly in a session.
sampling recording In, data are recorded in samples or increments that have been
pre-determined. Sample recording may be utilized when an observer is collecting data
for multiple students at one time.
Name three threats to measurement accuracy and reliability. - Answer Human error
represents the biggest threat to measurement accuracy and reliability. Factors
contributing to human measurement error include poorly designed measurement
systems and inadequate observer training and expectations about what the data should
look like.
poorly designed measurement systems- Answer An example would be the needlessly
awkward and hard to use measurement system which can create an unnecessary loss
of accuracy and reliability.
inadequate observer training- Answer observers who are not trained enough. Explicit
and systematic training of observers is essential for the gathering of trustworthy data.
unintended influences on observers - Answer Presuppositions an observer may hold
about the expected outcomes of the data and an observer's awareness that others are
measuring the same behaviour.
How do we maximize the quality of observers who are taking our data? 108-109 -
Answer Provide a systematic approach that covers methods such as sample vignettes,
narrative descriptions, video sequences, role playing and practice sessions int eh
environment
Explain how we evaluate the precision and accuracy of data including distinctions
between obtained and accepted values of data. Explain how, if possible, you can
observe data and tell whether those data are obtained or accepted or both? 110-11 -
Answer calculate the deviation of each measurement, or data point, tested from its
accepted value. True values for many behaviors of interest to ABA are evident and
, universally accepted or can be established conditionally by local context. True values
for some behaviors are difficult because the process for determining a true value must
be different from the measurement procedures used to obtain the data one wishes to
compare to the true value.
Why is the interobserver agreement very important to measurement? - Answer To
determine the competence of new observers, detect observer drift, judge whether the
definition of the target behavior is clear and the system not too difficult to use, and
convince others of the relative believability of the data.
List the requisites necessary to obtain valid IOA measures Answer It requires that two
or more observers use the same observation code and measurement system, observe
and measure the same participants and events and observer and record the behavior
independent of influence by other observers.
If given some data, be able to calculate IOA using the preferred method of doing so,
based upon the type of measurement system used to collect those data. If given a
description of a target behavior and context, be able to select the best observational
recording system to use to measure that behavior. 114-119 - Answer .
Summarize considerations in selecting, obtaining, and reporting IOA information
including how frequently IOA should be collected and what are acceptable levels of IOA
-Answer IOA assessments should be conducted for every condition and phase of a study
and distributed across days of week, times of day, settings and observers. 80% is the
typical acceptable level of IOA.
accuracy - Answer (of measurement) The degree to which observed values, the data
generated by measuring an event, agree with the true state, or true values, of the event
as it exists in nature.
believability - Answer The degree to which the researcher persuades herself and others
that the data are reliable and worthy of interpretation. Indices of interobserver
agreement are the most commonly used measures of this in the area of applied behavior
analysis.
Answers Latest Update
What are the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement? - Answer Validity, accuracy,
and reliability.
Describe validity as one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement. What does it
measure? Must address 3 equally important elements:(a) measurement directly of a
socially significant target behavior, (b) measurement of a dimension of the target
behavior relevant to the question or concern about the behavior and (c) assurance that
the data are representative of the behavior's occurrence under conditions and during
times that are most relevant to the question or concern about the behavior.
Define accuracy within the context of one of the 3 indications of "trustworthy"
measurement. What does it measure? - Answer Refers to the extent to which the
observed value matches the true state or true value of the event as it exists in nature.
Must be determined if there is a measurement bias.
Reliability is one of the 3 indicators of "trustworthy" measurement. It measures
consistency of data collection.
An outcome is produced when measuring a procedure and the same outcome is
reproduced each time. - Answer
How do we ensure our data are valid, accurate, and reliable? Answer Researchers and
practitioners who evaluate the validity of their data are able to (a) make a decision early
in an analysis if the data are valid to support experimental or treatment decisions, (b)
locate and rectify measurement errors, (c) identify consistent patterns in measurement
errors that can lead to the overall improvement or calibration of the measurement
system, and (d) advise others about the relative trustworthiness of the data.
What are some procedures that provide direct and indirect measurement? - Answer
Direct observation is an example of direct measurement and questionnaires filled out by
parents is an example of indirect measurement.
,Describe the difference between continuous recording and sampling recording. Give
examples of each, and advantages and disadvantages. How do we do each type of
recording? 106-107 - Answer Continuous recording is considered the gold standard in
applied behavior analysis because it records behaviors constantly in a session.
sampling recording In, data are recorded in samples or increments that have been
pre-determined. Sample recording may be utilized when an observer is collecting data
for multiple students at one time.
Name three threats to measurement accuracy and reliability. - Answer Human error
represents the biggest threat to measurement accuracy and reliability. Factors
contributing to human measurement error include poorly designed measurement
systems and inadequate observer training and expectations about what the data should
look like.
poorly designed measurement systems- Answer An example would be the needlessly
awkward and hard to use measurement system which can create an unnecessary loss
of accuracy and reliability.
inadequate observer training- Answer observers who are not trained enough. Explicit
and systematic training of observers is essential for the gathering of trustworthy data.
unintended influences on observers - Answer Presuppositions an observer may hold
about the expected outcomes of the data and an observer's awareness that others are
measuring the same behaviour.
How do we maximize the quality of observers who are taking our data? 108-109 -
Answer Provide a systematic approach that covers methods such as sample vignettes,
narrative descriptions, video sequences, role playing and practice sessions int eh
environment
Explain how we evaluate the precision and accuracy of data including distinctions
between obtained and accepted values of data. Explain how, if possible, you can
observe data and tell whether those data are obtained or accepted or both? 110-11 -
Answer calculate the deviation of each measurement, or data point, tested from its
accepted value. True values for many behaviors of interest to ABA are evident and
, universally accepted or can be established conditionally by local context. True values
for some behaviors are difficult because the process for determining a true value must
be different from the measurement procedures used to obtain the data one wishes to
compare to the true value.
Why is the interobserver agreement very important to measurement? - Answer To
determine the competence of new observers, detect observer drift, judge whether the
definition of the target behavior is clear and the system not too difficult to use, and
convince others of the relative believability of the data.
List the requisites necessary to obtain valid IOA measures Answer It requires that two
or more observers use the same observation code and measurement system, observe
and measure the same participants and events and observer and record the behavior
independent of influence by other observers.
If given some data, be able to calculate IOA using the preferred method of doing so,
based upon the type of measurement system used to collect those data. If given a
description of a target behavior and context, be able to select the best observational
recording system to use to measure that behavior. 114-119 - Answer .
Summarize considerations in selecting, obtaining, and reporting IOA information
including how frequently IOA should be collected and what are acceptable levels of IOA
-Answer IOA assessments should be conducted for every condition and phase of a study
and distributed across days of week, times of day, settings and observers. 80% is the
typical acceptable level of IOA.
accuracy - Answer (of measurement) The degree to which observed values, the data
generated by measuring an event, agree with the true state, or true values, of the event
as it exists in nature.
believability - Answer The degree to which the researcher persuades herself and others
that the data are reliable and worthy of interpretation. Indices of interobserver
agreement are the most commonly used measures of this in the area of applied behavior
analysis.
