Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1 Questions and Answers –
Latest Version 2024
Atrophy Correct Answer: E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
Hyperplasia Correct Answer: E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage
or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of
local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia Correct Answer: E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate,
severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.
aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia Correct Answer: E: reversible change, one type of cell changes
to another type for survival
,P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury Correct Answer: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS Correct Answer: E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol Correct Answer: E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver
and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis Correct Answer: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
,Fatty Infiltration Correct Answer: intracellular accumulation of lipids in the
liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
, dystrophic calcification Correct Answer: accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular
structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification Correct Answer: accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation Correct Answer: sodium urate crystals are deposited in
tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic
gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis Correct Answer: kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis Correct Answer: nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis Correct Answer: lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis Correct Answer: breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis Correct Answer: Dry- dark
shriveled skin Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout Correct Answer: E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for <
30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream
sauces, red wine, or red meat
Latest Version 2024
Atrophy Correct Answer: E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation)
Hyperplasia Correct Answer: E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage
or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of
local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia Correct Answer: E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal
change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate,
severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth.
aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia Correct Answer: E: reversible change, one type of cell changes
to another type for survival
,P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by
stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal
squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux,
aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury Correct Answer: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS Correct Answer: E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol Correct Answer: E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver
and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4,
inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis Correct Answer: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high
fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
,Fatty Infiltration Correct Answer: intracellular accumulation of lipids in the
liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to
cirrhosis
, dystrophic calcification Correct Answer: accumulation of Ca in dead or
dying tissues calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular
structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification Correct Answer: accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic
levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation Correct Answer: sodium urate crystals are deposited in
tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic
gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
Coagulative Necrosis Correct Answer: kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis Correct Answer: nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis Correct Answer: lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis Correct Answer: breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis Correct Answer: Dry- dark
shriveled skin Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout Correct Answer: E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for <
30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream
sauces, red wine, or red meat
