2024 NUTR 251 EXAM 4 WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Osteoporosis Prevention - CORRECT-ANSWERSAdequate dietary intake of:
calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, protein (not
excessive). Weight-bearing physical activity, avoidance of smoking, hormone
replacement.
Additional health benefits of calcium - CORRECT-ANSWERSReduced risk for
colon cancer, kidney stones, blood pressure. Dietary calcium tends to
provide more benefits than supplemental?
Calcium supplements - CORRECT-ANSWERSCan cause GI symptoms,
calcification of coronary arteries (increasing risk for CHD), might decrease
zinc, iron, magnesium absorption, contaminated supplements may contain
lead.
Function of Iron - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnergy metabolism (enzymes -
cytochromes, in most body cells). Cell division (enzyme needed for DNA
production). Immune System (production of WBC and enables some WBCs to
destroy bacteria). Nervous System (maintain the myelin sheath, synthesis of
neurotransmitters like dopamine, epinephrine, norephenrin(?) that regulate
brain activity).
Oxygen transport, RBCs
Sources of Iron - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeme iron found in meat, nonheme iron
found in plants and meat (enriched grains, vegetables, nuts, legumes).
Bioavailability of Iron - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeme: readily absorbed by the
body. Nonheme: limited absorption, enhanced by Vitamin C, inhibited by
phytates (spinach?) and tannins.
Absorption of Iron - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeme iron is readily absorbed by the
body, and is found in meats (especially red meat). A small amount is in
spinach. Nonheme iron has lower absorption, and is found more in plant
products (but also in meat).
Absorption of iron is enhanced by Vitamin C, Heme iron, leavening of bread,
fermentation, and soaking beans or grains. Iron absorption is inhibited by
high intakes of calcium, medications that reduce stomach acidity, oxalic acid
, from foods such as spinach, phytic acid from foods such as whole grains, soy
protein from foods such as tofu, and polyphenols from foods such as tea.
Iron Storage and Transport - CORRECT-ANSWERSTransferrin - transport
protein for iron in the bloodstream. If high, can indicate low iron levels since
the body is trying to transport a lot of iron around?
Ferritin - major storage form of iron, serum concentrations are used to assess
iron status. Stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
Microcytic Anemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSStage 1: Iron depletion, Stage 2: Iron
deficiency without anemia (reduced cognitive function in children, reduced
ferritin level, elevated level of transferrin receptors), Stage 3: Iron deficiency
anemia (microcytic, hypochromic RBCs, very high level of transferrin
receptors, anemia, poor pregnancy outcomes, heart failure.
Fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness/headache, coldness in
the hands and feet, pale skin. Alters normal growth, behavior, immune
system function, energy metabolism.
Iron Toxicity - CORRECT-ANSWERSHereditary hemochromatosis (HH) - an
inherited genetic defect that causes people to absorb too much iron. Fatigue,
lack of energy, abdominal pain.
Sources of Zinc - CORRECT-ANSWERSMeat (pork/beef/lamb), seafood,
enriched/fortified cereals, dairy (yogurt), legumes.
Function of Zinc - CORRECT-ANSWERSCofactor for >300 enzymes, heme
synthesis, DNA and RNA synthesis, growth and development, reproduction,
bone formation, immune function, antioxidant system (superoxode
dismutase), taste acuity.
Zinc Deficiency - CORRECT-ANSWERSDelays growth, delays sex organ
maturation, impairs vitamin A function, impairs immune function.
Zinc Absorption - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncreased: Low to moderate zinc
intake, zinc deficiency, certain amino acids, increased need for zinc.
Decreased: Phytic acid and fiber in whole grains, excessive zinc intake, high
nonheme iron intake, good zinc status.
Zinc Toxicity - CORRECT-ANSWERSUL 40 mg/day, occurs with
supplementation, causes diarrhea, cramps, nausea and vomiting, depressed
immune system, interference with copper absorption and metabolism.
Sources of Iodine - CORRECT-ANSWERSIodized salt, seaweed, haddock.
CORRECT ANSWERS
Osteoporosis Prevention - CORRECT-ANSWERSAdequate dietary intake of:
calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, protein (not
excessive). Weight-bearing physical activity, avoidance of smoking, hormone
replacement.
Additional health benefits of calcium - CORRECT-ANSWERSReduced risk for
colon cancer, kidney stones, blood pressure. Dietary calcium tends to
provide more benefits than supplemental?
Calcium supplements - CORRECT-ANSWERSCan cause GI symptoms,
calcification of coronary arteries (increasing risk for CHD), might decrease
zinc, iron, magnesium absorption, contaminated supplements may contain
lead.
Function of Iron - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnergy metabolism (enzymes -
cytochromes, in most body cells). Cell division (enzyme needed for DNA
production). Immune System (production of WBC and enables some WBCs to
destroy bacteria). Nervous System (maintain the myelin sheath, synthesis of
neurotransmitters like dopamine, epinephrine, norephenrin(?) that regulate
brain activity).
Oxygen transport, RBCs
Sources of Iron - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeme iron found in meat, nonheme iron
found in plants and meat (enriched grains, vegetables, nuts, legumes).
Bioavailability of Iron - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeme: readily absorbed by the
body. Nonheme: limited absorption, enhanced by Vitamin C, inhibited by
phytates (spinach?) and tannins.
Absorption of Iron - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeme iron is readily absorbed by the
body, and is found in meats (especially red meat). A small amount is in
spinach. Nonheme iron has lower absorption, and is found more in plant
products (but also in meat).
Absorption of iron is enhanced by Vitamin C, Heme iron, leavening of bread,
fermentation, and soaking beans or grains. Iron absorption is inhibited by
high intakes of calcium, medications that reduce stomach acidity, oxalic acid
, from foods such as spinach, phytic acid from foods such as whole grains, soy
protein from foods such as tofu, and polyphenols from foods such as tea.
Iron Storage and Transport - CORRECT-ANSWERSTransferrin - transport
protein for iron in the bloodstream. If high, can indicate low iron levels since
the body is trying to transport a lot of iron around?
Ferritin - major storage form of iron, serum concentrations are used to assess
iron status. Stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
Microcytic Anemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSStage 1: Iron depletion, Stage 2: Iron
deficiency without anemia (reduced cognitive function in children, reduced
ferritin level, elevated level of transferrin receptors), Stage 3: Iron deficiency
anemia (microcytic, hypochromic RBCs, very high level of transferrin
receptors, anemia, poor pregnancy outcomes, heart failure.
Fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness/headache, coldness in
the hands and feet, pale skin. Alters normal growth, behavior, immune
system function, energy metabolism.
Iron Toxicity - CORRECT-ANSWERSHereditary hemochromatosis (HH) - an
inherited genetic defect that causes people to absorb too much iron. Fatigue,
lack of energy, abdominal pain.
Sources of Zinc - CORRECT-ANSWERSMeat (pork/beef/lamb), seafood,
enriched/fortified cereals, dairy (yogurt), legumes.
Function of Zinc - CORRECT-ANSWERSCofactor for >300 enzymes, heme
synthesis, DNA and RNA synthesis, growth and development, reproduction,
bone formation, immune function, antioxidant system (superoxode
dismutase), taste acuity.
Zinc Deficiency - CORRECT-ANSWERSDelays growth, delays sex organ
maturation, impairs vitamin A function, impairs immune function.
Zinc Absorption - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncreased: Low to moderate zinc
intake, zinc deficiency, certain amino acids, increased need for zinc.
Decreased: Phytic acid and fiber in whole grains, excessive zinc intake, high
nonheme iron intake, good zinc status.
Zinc Toxicity - CORRECT-ANSWERSUL 40 mg/day, occurs with
supplementation, causes diarrhea, cramps, nausea and vomiting, depressed
immune system, interference with copper absorption and metabolism.
Sources of Iodine - CORRECT-ANSWERSIodized salt, seaweed, haddock.
