QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
VentilationJ-JANSWERJmovementJofJairJinJandJoutJofJtheJlungs
RespirationJ-
JANSWERJTheJprocessJbyJwhichJcellsJbreakJdownJsimpleJfoodJmoleculesJtoJreleaseJtheJenergyJtheyJcontain.
MinuteJVentilationJ(VE)J-JANSWERJSetJflowJofJexpiredJgasJinJoneJminute
VEJ=JVTJxJRR
NormalJVEJisJ5-8L/min.
<J10Jweaning
J
alveolarJventilationJ-JANSWERJTheJvolumeJofJairJthatJreachesJtheJalveoli.J
MeasuredJbyJPaCO2
ItJisJdeterminedJbyJsubtractingJtheJamountJofJdeadJspaceJairJfromJtheJtidalJvolume.
FunctionsJofJtheJpulmonaryJsystemJ-JANSWERJventilateJalveoli
diffuseJgasesJinJandJoutJofJblood,J
perfuseJtheJlungsJsoJthatJtheJorgansJandJtissuesJofJtheJbodyJreceiveJbloodJthatJisJrichJinJO2JandJlowJinJCO2
DiaphragmJ-JANSWERJLarge,JflatJmuscleJatJtheJbottomJofJtheJchestJcavityJthatJhelpsJwithJinspiration
contractsJ>JincreasedJnegativeJpressureJinJtheJlungsJandJdrawsJairJin
AccessoryJmusclesJofJinspirationJ-JANSWERJsternocleidomastoidJandJscaleneJmuscles
, ExhalationJ-
JANSWERJTheJpassiveJpartJofJtheJbreathingJprocessJinJwhichJtheJdiaphragmJandJtheJintercostalJmusclesJrela
x,JforcingJairJoutJofJtheJlungs.
alveolarJsurfaceJtensionJ-JANSWERJpromotesJeaseJofJbreathing
SurfactantJ-
JANSWERJchemicalJproducedJinJtheJlungsJtoJmaintainJtheJsurfaceJtensionJofJtheJalveoliJandJkeepJthemJfromJ
collapsing
elasticJrecoilJofJtheJlungsJ-JANSWERJabilityJofJtheJchestJwallJtoJreturnJtoJnormalJafterJinspiration
generallyJpassive
accessoryJmusclesJhelpJifJelasticJrecoilJisJnotJenough,Ji.e.JCOPD
ComplianceJofJpulmonaryJventilationJ-
JANSWERJEaseJwithJwhichJtheJlungsJandJthoracicJwallJcanJbeJexpanded
determinedJbyJalveolarJsurfaceJtensionJandJchestJwallJelaticJrecoil
increasesJw/JCOPD
decreasesJw/JARDS,Jpneumonia,JpulmonaryJedema
airwayJresistanceJ-
JANSWERJdependentJonJtheJlength,Jdiameter,JradiusJofJairwaysJandJdensity,Jviscosity,JvelocityJfoJtheJgasJexc
hange
normalJ=Jlow
bronchodilationJdecreasesJairwayJresistance
bronchoconstrictionJincreasesJairwayJresistance
gasJtransportJstepsJ-JANSWERJ1.JlungJventilation
2.JoxygenJdiffusionJfromJalveoliJtoJtheJblood
3.JperfusionJofJtheJorgansJandJtissues