NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 3 - Set 1 with complete solutions |Latest 2024/2025

NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology a- a- a- a-




Exam 3 - Set 1 with complete solutions.
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Myocardial ischemia loss of blood supply to heart muscle tissue of
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myocardium due to occlusion of coronary artery; may cause angina
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pectoris or myocardial infarction
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myocardial infarction (MI) heart attack; death of myocardial tissue
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(infarction) caused by ischemia (loss of blood flow) as a result of an
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occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery; usually caused by
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atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper body
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(shoulders, neck, and jaw), shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea
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inhibition of movement of sodium and potassium ions across myocardial
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cell membranes by complexing with adenosine triphosphates.
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Clinical Implications: used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) and
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heart rhythm problems (atrial arrhythmias). Digitalis can increase blood
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flow throughout your body
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Beta Blockers: effect on myocardial contraction
a- a- a- a- a- a-a- a- decrease heart rate a- a- a-


and dilate arteries by blocking beta receptors
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Decreases contractions a-




a- They do this by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors
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Clinical Implications: used for chest pain and hypertension
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,patent ductus arteriosus: Risk factors, Etiology, clinical manifestations,
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pathophysiology E: passageway between the aorta and the a-a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a-


pulmonary artery remains open after birth
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RF: associated w/ rubella, RDS, tetralogy of Fallot
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CM: cyanotic lower body, normal upper body
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machine-like murmur t/o systole and diastole a- a- a- a- a-




Patho:



atrial septal defect (ASD): Risk factors, Etiology, clinical manifestations,
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pathophysiology E: flaw in the septum that divides the two atria of
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the heart
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RF: age > 40, previous child w/ CHD, SLE, diabetes, ETOH, infection,
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aspirin, phenytoin a-




CM: crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
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Patho: a-




Complications: increased risk of embolus a- a- a- a-




ventricular septal defect (VSD): Risk factors, Etiology, clinical
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manifestations, pathophysiology E: a hole in the ventricular septum
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that causes blood to mix between the RV and LV
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RF: age > 40, previous child w/ CHD
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CM: harsh holosystolic murmur on the LL sternal border, cyanosis and
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clubbing of fingers a- a-




Cardiac Anatomy a- a-a- a- The heart is the size of a closed fist
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, 2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
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1/3 under the sternum
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heart layers
a- a-a- a- Endocardium ( inner) a- a-




myocardium ( middle) a- a-




Pericardium ( outer) a- a-




Cardiac action potential: phase 0
a- a- a- a- a-a- rapid depolarization
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Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
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Cardiac action potential: phase 1
a- a- a- a- a-a- a- initial repolarization of cells
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voltage gated sodium channels closed
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voltage gated potassium channels open
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Potassium leaves cell slowly a- a- a-




Cardiac action potential: phase 2
a- a- a- a- a-a- plateau phase
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voltage gated calcium channels open
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influx of calcium into the cell
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balances potassium efflux
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calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum >
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myocardial contraction a-