QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
non-membraneTboundTlocationTofTDNATandTbacterialTchromosomesTinTaTprokaryoticTcell.T-
TANSWERTnucleoidTregion
smallTcircularTregionsTofTDNATinTbacteriaT-TANSWERTPlasmids
intracellularTregionTresponsibleTforTsuspendingTribosomesTandTplasmidsT-TANSWERTcytoplasm
containTuniqueTRNATandTproteinsTthatTcanTbeTtargetedTbyTantibiotics;TinTprokaryotesTnotTmembrane-
boundTandTsmallerTthanTinTeukaryotesT-TANSWERTribosomes
semi-
permeableTwallTallowingTforTdiffusionTofTcertainTionsTandTmolecules,TandTcanTprovideTanTareaTforTmetaboli
cTfunctionsT-TANSWERTplasmaTmembrane
rigidTwallTsurroundingTtheTplasmaTmembrane,TresponsibleTforTcellTshapeTandTprotectionTfromTenvironmen
talTstressorsT-TANSWERTcellTwall
stickyTouterTlayerTofTbacteria,TprovidesTmechanismTofTadhesionTtoThostTcellsTorTotherTbacteriaT-
TANSWERTcapsule
hair-likeTstructuresTextendingTfromTcellTwall,TusedTforTattachmentTtoThostTcellsTorTotherTbacteriaT-
TANSWERTfimbriae
whip-likeTstructuresTallowingTprokaryotesTtoTmoveT-TANSWERTflagella
aTpolymerTconsistingTofTtwoTcross-linkedTsugars,TN-acetylglucosamineT(NAG)TandTN-
acetylmuricTacidT(NAM)T-TANSWERTpeptidoglycan
, bacteriaTwithTsimpleTcellTwallTmadeTofTaTthickTpeptidoglycanTlayer,TappearsTpurpleTwithTgram-stainT-
TANSWERTGramTpositiveTbacteria
bacteriaTwithTaTthinTpeptidoglycanTlayerTsurroundedTbyTanTadditionalTouterTmembraneTmadeTofTlipopolys
accharides,TappearsTredTorTpinkTwithTgram-stainingT-TANSWERTGramTnegativeTbacteria
commonlyTusedTtoTtreatTgram-positiveTinfectionsT-TANSWERTPenicillin
bacteriaTwithTaTsphericalTshapeT-TANSWERTCocci
bacteriaTwithTaTrodTshapeT-TANSWERTBacilli
bacteriaTwithTaTspiralTshapeT-TANSWERTSpiral
twoTcocciTcellsTpairedTtogetherT-TANSWERTDiplococci
chainsTofTcocciT-TANSWERTstrepto
clustersTofTcocciT-TANSWERTstaphylo
anythingTthatTcausesTdiseaseTinTaThumanT-TANSWERTpathogen
1.TphysicalTbarriersT
2.TantimicrobialTproteins
3.TcellularTdefensesT-TANSWERTInnateTimmunityTmechanisms
cytokineTproteinsTsecretedTinTresponseTtoTaTviralTpathogen;TcellTsignalingTmoleculesT-TANSWERTInterferons
actsTasTaTsignalTtoTcommunicateTwithTotherTcellsTtoTwarnTthatTaTvirusTisTpresentTandTsignalsTself-
destructionTofTtheTcellT-TANSWERTInterferonTTypeTI