BIOD 171 FINAL EXAM STUDY
Microbiology is the study of what? - Answers -Microbiology is the study of microbes
(microorganisms and viruses) and their biological processes.
What is the smallest biological unit of life - Answers -cell
What is a macromolecule? - Answers -A macromolecule is classified as a complex
molecule that is composed from smaller subunits.
What are the four main types of macromolecules? - Answers -Proteins, nucleic acids,
lipids and carbohydrates
What various functions do proteins have in a cell - Answers -Proteins may facilitate the
movement of materials in or out of a cell. Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or
speed up, biochemical processes. Others play a structural role while other proteins,
such as filaments, enable movement.
Which group (classification) of microbes is noted for its ability to survive under harsh
conditions? - Answers -Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh
environmental conditions such as high salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures
and oxygen-poor conditions.
What are the four main classifications of Eukarya? - Answers -Eukaryotic
microorganisms are classified as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or
Protista.
Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - Answers -No. Viruses
are considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered living and
do not replicate on their own, meaning they must replicate within a host.
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what? - Answers -The cell
membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning they
contain a polar hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic
(water fearing) tail region. The lipid bilayer is situated in such a way where the non-polar
tail groups face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to interact with water both
outside and inside of the cell.
What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be sure to know the
roles of each. - Answers -Ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (site of protein synthesis),
Golgi (protein modification and distribution), lysosomes (waste disposal), mitochondria
(ATP generation) and chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis).
, What is cellular metabolism? - Answers -Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical
reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.
What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? - Answers -
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed
during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be
regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are
inactive while in its presence enzymes are active.
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - Answers -Catabolism is
the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources whereas
anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular
units into larger complexes, most often associated with cellular growth and repair.
ATP has the energy to ,BLANK while ADP has the capacity to BLANK energy. -
Answers -donate; accept
Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - Answers -
Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the
environment, can be divided into either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic
molecules such as glucose) or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic
molecules.
Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? - Answers -Chemotrophs use
oxidative phosphorylation (as opposed to photo or substrate-level phosphorylation).
Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of
nutrients to reform ATP.
What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose? - Answers -Glycolysis is
the first step of this process and yields 2 molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation
(or respiration) 2 additional molecules of ATP can be produced. Last, the electron
transport chain (ETC) produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the
plasma membrane.
What are the reactants of glycolysis? - Answers -Reactants are defined as any
molecules present and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie)
glycolysis. In terms of writing out a chemical reaction, the reactants are everything
located to the left of the arrow. The reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme
NAD+ and ATP.
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? - Answers -There are two
major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA
contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable
characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary
information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
Microbiology is the study of what? - Answers -Microbiology is the study of microbes
(microorganisms and viruses) and their biological processes.
What is the smallest biological unit of life - Answers -cell
What is a macromolecule? - Answers -A macromolecule is classified as a complex
molecule that is composed from smaller subunits.
What are the four main types of macromolecules? - Answers -Proteins, nucleic acids,
lipids and carbohydrates
What various functions do proteins have in a cell - Answers -Proteins may facilitate the
movement of materials in or out of a cell. Some can act as enzymes that catalyze, or
speed up, biochemical processes. Others play a structural role while other proteins,
such as filaments, enable movement.
Which group (classification) of microbes is noted for its ability to survive under harsh
conditions? - Answers -Archaea. They are able to survive in extremely harsh
environmental conditions such as high salt levels, acid conditions, high temperatures
and oxygen-poor conditions.
What are the four main classifications of Eukarya? - Answers -Eukaryotic
microorganisms are classified as either belonging to Animalia, Plantae, Fungi or
Protista.
Can viruses be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic? - Answers -No. Viruses
are considered neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. Viruses are not considered living and
do not replicate on their own, meaning they must replicate within a host.
The lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is composed of what? - Answers -The cell
membrane is a bilayer composed primarily of amphipathic phospholipids, meaning they
contain a polar hydrophilic (water loving) head group and a non-polar hydrophobic
(water fearing) tail region. The lipid bilayer is situated in such a way where the non-polar
tail groups face inward thus orienting the polar head groups to interact with water both
outside and inside of the cell.
What are the primary cellular organelles described in this module? Be sure to know the
roles of each. - Answers -Ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (site of protein synthesis),
Golgi (protein modification and distribution), lysosomes (waste disposal), mitochondria
(ATP generation) and chloroplasts (plants only; site of photosynthesis).
, What is cellular metabolism? - Answers -Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical
reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life.
What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? - Answers -
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed
during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be
regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are
inactive while in its presence enzymes are active.
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - Answers -Catabolism is
the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources whereas
anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from smaller molecular
units into larger complexes, most often associated with cellular growth and repair.
ATP has the energy to ,BLANK while ADP has the capacity to BLANK energy. -
Answers -donate; accept
Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - Answers -
Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the
environment, can be divided into either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic
molecules such as glucose) or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic
molecules.
Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? - Answers -Chemotrophs use
oxidative phosphorylation (as opposed to photo or substrate-level phosphorylation).
Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of
nutrients to reform ATP.
What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose? - Answers -Glycolysis is
the first step of this process and yields 2 molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation
(or respiration) 2 additional molecules of ATP can be produced. Last, the electron
transport chain (ETC) produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the
plasma membrane.
What are the reactants of glycolysis? - Answers -Reactants are defined as any
molecules present and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie)
glycolysis. In terms of writing out a chemical reaction, the reactants are everything
located to the left of the arrow. The reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme
NAD+ and ATP.
What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles? - Answers -There are two
major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA
contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable
characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary
information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins.
