OCN Exam with Questions and Answers
When patients are on high dose cytarabine what should be done with their eyes?
Saline or steroid eye drops, until 24 hours after completion of therapy.
MM is a tumor of old or young adults?
Old
Which population does MM affect?
Older Individuals
At diagnosis with MM, what bones does it typically involve?
Axial Skeleton (Particularly Vertebrae, Skull, Proximal long bones of the extremities and the ribs)
Which bones does MM usually affect?
Axial Skeleton (Particularly Vertebrae, Skull, Proximal long bones of the extremities and the ribs)
What antibody is most found in blood and extracellular fluids?
IgG (Allows it to control infection of body tissues).
IgA
An antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity.
In MM besides excretion of IgG and IgA what else does it secrete?
unpaired Ig light chains, these pass through the renal tubules, forms precipitates and obstructive casts
which leads to renal dysfunction. Also is found in perivascular spaces including liver, spleen and heart.
Osteoblasts
Synthesize Bones
Osteoclasts
Reabsorbs bone tissue
Humoral Immunity and MM
Inhibits B-Cell Function and the production of normal antibodies = increased susceptibility to bacterial
infections.
B Cells Form in...
BM
Fx of B Cells
,Make antibodies against antigens, and to develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen
interaction.
What % of patients usually have renal failure in MM?
50%
What is an immunoglobuin light chain?
A small polypeptide subunit of an antibody aka immunoglobulin.
Typical Antibody
Composed of 2 immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains.
Amyloid
An abnormal protein that is usually produced in your BM and can be deposited in any tissue or organ. It
can affect many organs.
MM Presentation
Anemia, renal failure, bone resorption or hypercalcemia, and at times pain due to pathological fractures.
What % of tumors secrete excessive amounts of monoclonal antibody (an M protein) which can be
detected by electrophoresis in MM?
80%
What is believed to cause hypertension in Avastin treatment?
- Due to decreased production of the vasodilator Nitric oxide, due to the blocking of the VEGF receptors.
- Reduced NO production also leads to reduced renal sodium excretion which can lead to HTN.
Which is the simpler system for MM staging?
ISS
What is the ISS for MM based on?
Beta2- microglobulin and albumin
What are the 5 leading causes of cancer deaths among women?
Lung, Breast, Colorectal, Pancreas and Ovarian.
Cancer Mortality Rate
The # of cancer deaths in a defined population during a 1 year period.
What type of cancer has a low incidence rate and high mortality rate?
Pancreatic Cancer
, Cancer is the ____ leading cause of death.
2nd
What lifestyle factors increase Breast Cancer risk?
- Combined Estrogen & Progesterone Hormone Replacement Therapy for postmenopausal women.
- Oral Contraceptives
- Alcohol Consumption
The medication Pergonal, may increase _____ cancer risk.
Ovarian
What cancers (5) does alcohol consumption put you at risk for?
- Head and Neck
- Liver
- Colorectal
- Pancreas
- Breast Cancer
What are the five most common cancer diagnoses worldwide?
1. Lung
2. Breast
3. Colorectal
4. Stomach
5. Prostate
What is the #1 cancer in the world? Why?
Lung Cancer, due to increased tobacco use.
The cancer incidence in the U.S. ______ from 1998 - 2008, and the worldwide cancer incidence _____.
Decreased, Increased
Incidence
The # of new cancers of a specific type that occur in a defined population during a one - year period.
Why has the incidence of cancer increased worldwide?
- Aging Population
- Increased tobacco use
- Exposure to reproductive, dietary and hormonal risk factors.
A diet high in fat and low in fiber, fruits and vegetables puts you at risk for which cancers?
When patients are on high dose cytarabine what should be done with their eyes?
Saline or steroid eye drops, until 24 hours after completion of therapy.
MM is a tumor of old or young adults?
Old
Which population does MM affect?
Older Individuals
At diagnosis with MM, what bones does it typically involve?
Axial Skeleton (Particularly Vertebrae, Skull, Proximal long bones of the extremities and the ribs)
Which bones does MM usually affect?
Axial Skeleton (Particularly Vertebrae, Skull, Proximal long bones of the extremities and the ribs)
What antibody is most found in blood and extracellular fluids?
IgG (Allows it to control infection of body tissues).
IgA
An antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity.
In MM besides excretion of IgG and IgA what else does it secrete?
unpaired Ig light chains, these pass through the renal tubules, forms precipitates and obstructive casts
which leads to renal dysfunction. Also is found in perivascular spaces including liver, spleen and heart.
Osteoblasts
Synthesize Bones
Osteoclasts
Reabsorbs bone tissue
Humoral Immunity and MM
Inhibits B-Cell Function and the production of normal antibodies = increased susceptibility to bacterial
infections.
B Cells Form in...
BM
Fx of B Cells
,Make antibodies against antigens, and to develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen
interaction.
What % of patients usually have renal failure in MM?
50%
What is an immunoglobuin light chain?
A small polypeptide subunit of an antibody aka immunoglobulin.
Typical Antibody
Composed of 2 immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains.
Amyloid
An abnormal protein that is usually produced in your BM and can be deposited in any tissue or organ. It
can affect many organs.
MM Presentation
Anemia, renal failure, bone resorption or hypercalcemia, and at times pain due to pathological fractures.
What % of tumors secrete excessive amounts of monoclonal antibody (an M protein) which can be
detected by electrophoresis in MM?
80%
What is believed to cause hypertension in Avastin treatment?
- Due to decreased production of the vasodilator Nitric oxide, due to the blocking of the VEGF receptors.
- Reduced NO production also leads to reduced renal sodium excretion which can lead to HTN.
Which is the simpler system for MM staging?
ISS
What is the ISS for MM based on?
Beta2- microglobulin and albumin
What are the 5 leading causes of cancer deaths among women?
Lung, Breast, Colorectal, Pancreas and Ovarian.
Cancer Mortality Rate
The # of cancer deaths in a defined population during a 1 year period.
What type of cancer has a low incidence rate and high mortality rate?
Pancreatic Cancer
, Cancer is the ____ leading cause of death.
2nd
What lifestyle factors increase Breast Cancer risk?
- Combined Estrogen & Progesterone Hormone Replacement Therapy for postmenopausal women.
- Oral Contraceptives
- Alcohol Consumption
The medication Pergonal, may increase _____ cancer risk.
Ovarian
What cancers (5) does alcohol consumption put you at risk for?
- Head and Neck
- Liver
- Colorectal
- Pancreas
- Breast Cancer
What are the five most common cancer diagnoses worldwide?
1. Lung
2. Breast
3. Colorectal
4. Stomach
5. Prostate
What is the #1 cancer in the world? Why?
Lung Cancer, due to increased tobacco use.
The cancer incidence in the U.S. ______ from 1998 - 2008, and the worldwide cancer incidence _____.
Decreased, Increased
Incidence
The # of new cancers of a specific type that occur in a defined population during a one - year period.
Why has the incidence of cancer increased worldwide?
- Aging Population
- Increased tobacco use
- Exposure to reproductive, dietary and hormonal risk factors.
A diet high in fat and low in fiber, fruits and vegetables puts you at risk for which cancers?
