MCAT Day-Of Test Review
Questions and Answers 100%
Accurate
essential amino acids - ANSWER - phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine,
isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine
clathrin - ANSWER - protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma
membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for
phagocytosis
ELISA - ANSWER - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Mass number, atomic weight, atomic number, atomic mass - ANSWER - Mass
number = number of protons + neutrons
Atomic weight = atomic mass = weighted atomic average
Atomic number = number of protons
Pendulum equations - ANSWER -
Hund's Rule, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Aufbau Principle - ANSWER - Hund's Rule = e-
only double up in orbitals if all orbitals first have one e-
Pauil = no two electrons can have the same quantum number
Aufbau = electrons fill lower energy atomic orbitals before filling higher-energy ones
isoform and isozyme - ANSWER - proteins that perform the same function but have
different structure (e.g., different subunit compositions, different splicing methods)
Diamagnetic vs. Paramagnetic vs. Ferromagnetic - ANSWER - Diamagnetic = all
electrons are paired, repelled by an external magnetic field
,Paramagnetic = one or more unpaired electrons, pulled into an external magnetic
field
Ferromagnetic = possess some unpaired electrons and become strongly magnetic in
an external magnetic field
Principal, Azimuthal, Magnetic, and Spin Quantum Numbers - ANSWER - Principal =
e- energy level/shell number (n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
Azimuthal = 3D shape of orbital = s, p, d, f, g (l = 0 to n-1)
Magnetic = orbital sub-type (ml = -l to +1)
Spin = electron spin (-1/2 to +1/2)
Maximum e- in shell and subshell - ANSWER - Shell = 2n^2
Subshell = 4l + 2
Avogadro's Number - ANSWER - 6.02 x 10^23
Plank's Constant - ANSWER - 6.626 x 10^-34
Speed of Light - ANSWER - 3.00 x 10^8 m/s
Light energy equations (Plank) - ANSWER - E = hf
E = (hc)/lambda
Position of different elements on the periodic table - ANSWER - alkali metals
alkali earth metals
metalloids (semimetals)
halogens
nobel gases
,Periodic trends (Z_eff, IE, EA, EN, AS) - ANSWER - Z_eff = pull between nucleus and
valance e-, increases moving to the right = # of protons - # shielding (non-valence)
electrons
Ionization energy = energy required to remove an electron, first IE always requires
more than the second
Electron affinity = energy released when an electron is added (negative delta H, but
reported as a positive value), noble gases have no EA
Electronegativity = force the atom exerts on an e- in a bond
Atomic size = only trend moving down and to the left, cations are smaller than
anions
Common electronegativities and use in determining bond character - ANSWER - F =
4
O = 3.5
N=3
C = 2.5
H=2
0 - 0.5 is non-polar covalent
0 - 1.7 is polar covalent
1.7+ is ionic
Electronegativity order = F, O, N, Cl, Br, I, S, C, H
Coordinate covalent bonds - ANSWER - a covalent bond in which one atom
contributes both bonding electrons
found in lewis acid-base chemistry and coordination complexes between metals
(lewis acid) and ligands (lewis bases)
Formal Charge and Oxidation State - ANSWER -
VESPR Theory - ANSWER - Electronic geometry = bonded and lone pairs treated the
same
Molecular shape = lone pairs take up less space than a bond to another atom
, Key bond angles = linear (180), trigonal planar (120), tetrahedral (109.5), trigonal
bipyramidal (90 & 120), octahedral (90)
Naming ions (old and new method for monoatomic ions, oxyanions) - ANSWER - Old
method for charge on monoatomic ions:
-ous is less
-ic is more
Monoatomic ions: drop the ending of the name and add -ide
Oxyanions:
hypo-
-ite
-ate
hyper-
Adding hydrogens:
put "hydrogen" or "bi" in front for one H
put "dihydrogen" for two H
Equivalent mass, gram equivalent weight, normality - ANSWER - Equivalent mass =
mass of an acid that yields 1 mol of H+ or OH-
GEW = molar mass/mols H+ or e-
Normality = molarity x n
Acid naming - ANSWER - -ic have more oxygen
-ous have fewer oxygen
Tips for remembering polyatomic anions - ANSWER - First row on the periodic table,
moving across: B (-3), C (-2), N (-1)
Second row and below: Si (-2), P (-3), S (-2), Cl (-1)
Exceptions: Cr (-2) and Mn (per = -1, no per = -2)
P, S, As, and Se plus Cr and Mn have -ate indicating O4
All else have -ate indicating three
Questions and Answers 100%
Accurate
essential amino acids - ANSWER - phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine,
isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine
clathrin - ANSWER - protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma
membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for
phagocytosis
ELISA - ANSWER - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Mass number, atomic weight, atomic number, atomic mass - ANSWER - Mass
number = number of protons + neutrons
Atomic weight = atomic mass = weighted atomic average
Atomic number = number of protons
Pendulum equations - ANSWER -
Hund's Rule, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Aufbau Principle - ANSWER - Hund's Rule = e-
only double up in orbitals if all orbitals first have one e-
Pauil = no two electrons can have the same quantum number
Aufbau = electrons fill lower energy atomic orbitals before filling higher-energy ones
isoform and isozyme - ANSWER - proteins that perform the same function but have
different structure (e.g., different subunit compositions, different splicing methods)
Diamagnetic vs. Paramagnetic vs. Ferromagnetic - ANSWER - Diamagnetic = all
electrons are paired, repelled by an external magnetic field
,Paramagnetic = one or more unpaired electrons, pulled into an external magnetic
field
Ferromagnetic = possess some unpaired electrons and become strongly magnetic in
an external magnetic field
Principal, Azimuthal, Magnetic, and Spin Quantum Numbers - ANSWER - Principal =
e- energy level/shell number (n = 1, 2, 3, ...)
Azimuthal = 3D shape of orbital = s, p, d, f, g (l = 0 to n-1)
Magnetic = orbital sub-type (ml = -l to +1)
Spin = electron spin (-1/2 to +1/2)
Maximum e- in shell and subshell - ANSWER - Shell = 2n^2
Subshell = 4l + 2
Avogadro's Number - ANSWER - 6.02 x 10^23
Plank's Constant - ANSWER - 6.626 x 10^-34
Speed of Light - ANSWER - 3.00 x 10^8 m/s
Light energy equations (Plank) - ANSWER - E = hf
E = (hc)/lambda
Position of different elements on the periodic table - ANSWER - alkali metals
alkali earth metals
metalloids (semimetals)
halogens
nobel gases
,Periodic trends (Z_eff, IE, EA, EN, AS) - ANSWER - Z_eff = pull between nucleus and
valance e-, increases moving to the right = # of protons - # shielding (non-valence)
electrons
Ionization energy = energy required to remove an electron, first IE always requires
more than the second
Electron affinity = energy released when an electron is added (negative delta H, but
reported as a positive value), noble gases have no EA
Electronegativity = force the atom exerts on an e- in a bond
Atomic size = only trend moving down and to the left, cations are smaller than
anions
Common electronegativities and use in determining bond character - ANSWER - F =
4
O = 3.5
N=3
C = 2.5
H=2
0 - 0.5 is non-polar covalent
0 - 1.7 is polar covalent
1.7+ is ionic
Electronegativity order = F, O, N, Cl, Br, I, S, C, H
Coordinate covalent bonds - ANSWER - a covalent bond in which one atom
contributes both bonding electrons
found in lewis acid-base chemistry and coordination complexes between metals
(lewis acid) and ligands (lewis bases)
Formal Charge and Oxidation State - ANSWER -
VESPR Theory - ANSWER - Electronic geometry = bonded and lone pairs treated the
same
Molecular shape = lone pairs take up less space than a bond to another atom
, Key bond angles = linear (180), trigonal planar (120), tetrahedral (109.5), trigonal
bipyramidal (90 & 120), octahedral (90)
Naming ions (old and new method for monoatomic ions, oxyanions) - ANSWER - Old
method for charge on monoatomic ions:
-ous is less
-ic is more
Monoatomic ions: drop the ending of the name and add -ide
Oxyanions:
hypo-
-ite
-ate
hyper-
Adding hydrogens:
put "hydrogen" or "bi" in front for one H
put "dihydrogen" for two H
Equivalent mass, gram equivalent weight, normality - ANSWER - Equivalent mass =
mass of an acid that yields 1 mol of H+ or OH-
GEW = molar mass/mols H+ or e-
Normality = molarity x n
Acid naming - ANSWER - -ic have more oxygen
-ous have fewer oxygen
Tips for remembering polyatomic anions - ANSWER - First row on the periodic table,
moving across: B (-3), C (-2), N (-1)
Second row and below: Si (-2), P (-3), S (-2), Cl (-1)
Exceptions: Cr (-2) and Mn (per = -1, no per = -2)
P, S, As, and Se plus Cr and Mn have -ate indicating O4
All else have -ate indicating three
