Chemistry Notes (Overview)
1. Introduction to Chemistry:
- Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and reactions
of matter.
- It is often called the central science because it connects physics with other natural sciences
like biology and geology.
2. Atomic Structure:
- Atoms: Basic units of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Atomic Number: Number of protons in the nucleus, determines the identity of an element.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Electron Configuration: Arrangement of electrons in energy levels and sublevels around the
nucleus.
3. Periodic Table:
- Organizes elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical
properties.
- Divided into periods (rows) and groups (columns).
- Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties due to their similar electron
configurations.
4. Chemical Bonding:
- Ionic Bonding: Transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of ions.
- Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable electron
configuration.
- Metallic Bonding: Sharing of delocalized electrons among metal atoms within a lattice
structure.
5. Chemical Reactions:
- Types of Reactions: Synthesis (combination), decomposition, single replacement, double
replacement, and combustion reactions.
- Stoichiometry: Balancing chemical equations and calculating the quantities of reactants and
products involved in a reaction.
6. States of Matter:
- Solid: Definite shape and volume, particles are closely packed and vibrate in fixed positions.
- Liquid: Definite volume but takes the shape of its container, particles are close together but
can move past each other.
- Gas: Neither definite shape nor volume, particles are far apart and move freely.
7. Solutions and Solubility:
1. Introduction to Chemistry:
- Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and reactions
of matter.
- It is often called the central science because it connects physics with other natural sciences
like biology and geology.
2. Atomic Structure:
- Atoms: Basic units of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Atomic Number: Number of protons in the nucleus, determines the identity of an element.
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
- Electron Configuration: Arrangement of electrons in energy levels and sublevels around the
nucleus.
3. Periodic Table:
- Organizes elements based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and chemical
properties.
- Divided into periods (rows) and groups (columns).
- Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties due to their similar electron
configurations.
4. Chemical Bonding:
- Ionic Bonding: Transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of ions.
- Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a stable electron
configuration.
- Metallic Bonding: Sharing of delocalized electrons among metal atoms within a lattice
structure.
5. Chemical Reactions:
- Types of Reactions: Synthesis (combination), decomposition, single replacement, double
replacement, and combustion reactions.
- Stoichiometry: Balancing chemical equations and calculating the quantities of reactants and
products involved in a reaction.
6. States of Matter:
- Solid: Definite shape and volume, particles are closely packed and vibrate in fixed positions.
- Liquid: Definite volume but takes the shape of its container, particles are close together but
can move past each other.
- Gas: Neither definite shape nor volume, particles are far apart and move freely.
7. Solutions and Solubility:
