NU 411 Exam 2 Guide With
Complete Solution
What are the 3 components of a pandemic? - ANSWER 1. New or novel virus
appears (humans lack immunity)
2. Virus elicits a severe disease in humans
3. Virus is easily transmitted to humans
How many types of influenza are there, and which of these types are of
interest to humans? - ANSWER There are 4 types, A and B concern humans
Which type of influenza really poses a threat of a pandemic? - ANSWER Type
A influenza
What is a drift and shift when referring to the flu? - ANSWER Drift: *Minor
mutations*, mutations on H and/or N antigens, reason for seasonal
vaccinations
Shift: *Major mutations*, result of recombination of genetic material; wild
bird to human
Antigenic ________ cause pandemics - ANSWER Shifts
How many H and N subtypes are there? - ANSWER H: 16
N: 9
What type of animal hosts almost every type of influenza? - ANSWER
Poultry/fowl (pigs also but not as many as poultry)
,What is the history of the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu? - ANSWER Pigs are a natural
mixing vessel for viruses; a tripel reassortment virus with avian flu virus
types, human H3N2 and classical swine lineages met with a Eurasian swine
virus
Who is most often "patient zero" is a pandemic (age and gender)? - ANSWER
Typically young, curious boys (Ex age 10)
Why were the elderly population not as affected by H1N1 than the younger
population? - ANSWER 1918 pandemic was also H1N1, some elderly already
had immunity
How do the seasons play into pandemic preparedness? - ANSWER *Seasonal
flu does not occur in the summer, novel pandemics do*, need to be aware of
what kinds of illnesses you would expect at what time of the year, and pay
attention to outliers
What was the age group targeted by the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? - ANSWER
Young, 18-64 most affected, then 0-17. Elderly least affected
What is Ebola's mortality rate and why is it not a more serious pandemic
threat at this time? - ANSWER Mortality rate: 46%
"Burns hot", kills victims quickly and requires contact with bodily fluids to
pass on disease, therefore not contagious enough to be a serious pandemic
threat
Why is ebola more prevalent in Africa than in the US? - ANSWER Funeral
Rites in Africa require that families perform ablutions-- washing the entire
body of the deceased including the mouth and anus... we do not do this in
, the US and therefore avoid the intimate contact with bodily fluids of the
dead
Define contagious - ANSWER Ability to be spread to someone else
Define infectious - ANSWER Capable of giving an immune response in one's
body
What are the new current pandemic threats (not covid lollll)? - ANSWER
H7N9: new avian influenza that has not jumped over to humans (?)...
surveillance
H1N2: not yet transmissible between people but keep "spilling out" and
cropping up in people
H5N1: Avian influenza, found in wild birds and spreading to cats, tigers, dogs
etc, 53-58% mortality
What are the biggest risk factors regarding pandemics? - ANSWER Birds
natural hosts, pigs natural mixing vessels
High mutating capability
Dense populations of humans, birds, and pigs with close contact (especially
in Asian countries)
*Trafficking of infected birds and bird parts (legal or illegal)*
Complete Solution
What are the 3 components of a pandemic? - ANSWER 1. New or novel virus
appears (humans lack immunity)
2. Virus elicits a severe disease in humans
3. Virus is easily transmitted to humans
How many types of influenza are there, and which of these types are of
interest to humans? - ANSWER There are 4 types, A and B concern humans
Which type of influenza really poses a threat of a pandemic? - ANSWER Type
A influenza
What is a drift and shift when referring to the flu? - ANSWER Drift: *Minor
mutations*, mutations on H and/or N antigens, reason for seasonal
vaccinations
Shift: *Major mutations*, result of recombination of genetic material; wild
bird to human
Antigenic ________ cause pandemics - ANSWER Shifts
How many H and N subtypes are there? - ANSWER H: 16
N: 9
What type of animal hosts almost every type of influenza? - ANSWER
Poultry/fowl (pigs also but not as many as poultry)
,What is the history of the 2009 H1N1 Swine Flu? - ANSWER Pigs are a natural
mixing vessel for viruses; a tripel reassortment virus with avian flu virus
types, human H3N2 and classical swine lineages met with a Eurasian swine
virus
Who is most often "patient zero" is a pandemic (age and gender)? - ANSWER
Typically young, curious boys (Ex age 10)
Why were the elderly population not as affected by H1N1 than the younger
population? - ANSWER 1918 pandemic was also H1N1, some elderly already
had immunity
How do the seasons play into pandemic preparedness? - ANSWER *Seasonal
flu does not occur in the summer, novel pandemics do*, need to be aware of
what kinds of illnesses you would expect at what time of the year, and pay
attention to outliers
What was the age group targeted by the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? - ANSWER
Young, 18-64 most affected, then 0-17. Elderly least affected
What is Ebola's mortality rate and why is it not a more serious pandemic
threat at this time? - ANSWER Mortality rate: 46%
"Burns hot", kills victims quickly and requires contact with bodily fluids to
pass on disease, therefore not contagious enough to be a serious pandemic
threat
Why is ebola more prevalent in Africa than in the US? - ANSWER Funeral
Rites in Africa require that families perform ablutions-- washing the entire
body of the deceased including the mouth and anus... we do not do this in
, the US and therefore avoid the intimate contact with bodily fluids of the
dead
Define contagious - ANSWER Ability to be spread to someone else
Define infectious - ANSWER Capable of giving an immune response in one's
body
What are the new current pandemic threats (not covid lollll)? - ANSWER
H7N9: new avian influenza that has not jumped over to humans (?)...
surveillance
H1N2: not yet transmissible between people but keep "spilling out" and
cropping up in people
H5N1: Avian influenza, found in wild birds and spreading to cats, tigers, dogs
etc, 53-58% mortality
What are the biggest risk factors regarding pandemics? - ANSWER Birds
natural hosts, pigs natural mixing vessels
High mutating capability
Dense populations of humans, birds, and pigs with close contact (especially
in Asian countries)
*Trafficking of infected birds and bird parts (legal or illegal)*
