AP Biology Semester 1 review 2024 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

AP Biology Semester 1 review 2024 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Glycolysis - Answer️️ -reactions, carried out in the cytoplasm, that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon molecule), producing two ATP molecules Activation Energy - Answer️️ -The energy needed to start a chemical reaction Calvin Cycle - Answer️️ -Synthesizes sugar from the energy captured in ATP and NADPH in the light reactions -associated with the stroma Active Site - Answer️️ -The region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalytic function of the enzyme. Aerobic Respiration - Answer️️ -oxygen-requiring reactions, occurring in mitochondria Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - Answer️️ -A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups Matrix - Answer️️ -the fluid contained within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) - Answer️️ -cycle series of reactions in which pyruvate molecules produced are broken down to CO2, forming ATP and NADH Light Reactions - Answer️️ -Chlorophyll and other molecules capture sunlight energy and convert it to chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH-associated with the thylakoid ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 2 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - Answer️️ -A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups. Noncompetitive Inhibition - Answer️️ - Lactic acid fermentation - Answer️️ -A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that follows glycolysis and regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis to occur. Produces Lactic Acid, occurs in bacteria and human muscle cells experiencing oxygen debt. Alcoholic fermentation - Answer️️ -A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid. Follows glycolysis and regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis to occur. Produces alcohol and CO2 as byproducts, used by yeast cells in anaerobic conditions. Competitive Inhibition - Answer️️ -The process by which two ore more molecules that are somewhat similar in structure compete for the active site of an enzyme. Stoma (stomata) - Answer️️ -Pores in the epidermis-mouths of the plant-open and close to exchange CO2, O2, and H2O vapor Endergonic - Answer️️ -Pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy. Stroma - Answer️️ -Fluid enclosed in the chloroplasts Enzyme - Answer️️ -A protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions. Thylakoid - Answer️️ -Inner most membrane of chloroplast arranged into disk shaped stacks. ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 3 Exergonic - Answer️️ -Pertaining to a chemical reaction that liberates energy (either as heat or in the form of increased entropy); a "downhill" reaction. Metabolism - Answer️️ -The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a single cell or within all cells of a multicellular organism. Cell size is limited by - Answer️️ -surface to volume ratios water potential gradient - Answer️️ -The maximum value is 0. More solute= lower water potential (becomes a negative value) Substrate - Answer️️ -The atoms ore molecules th