AP Bio FRQs Study Guide with Complete Solutions

AP Bio FRQs Study Guide with Complete Solutions Describe the role of carbon in biological systems. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that carbon is used to build biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Explain how, when the membranes are fused, the polar parts of the phospholipids from one cell will interact with the phospholipids from the other cell and how the nonpolar parts of the phospholipids from one cell will interact with the phospholipids from the other cell. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that the polar part of the phospholipids from one cell will align or interact with the polar parts of the phospholipids from the other cell, and nonpolar parts of the phospholipids from one cell will align or interact with nonpolar parts of the phospholipids from the other cell. Make a claim about the most immediate effect on the fused B-cancer cells if the fused cells are transferred to a growth medium that lacks a source of nitrogen. - Answer️️ - The response indicates that the cells will die OR that they will be unable to synthesize DNA and RNA/nucleic acids/nucleotides and amino. Provide reasoning with evidence based on the composition of biological macromolecules to support your claim. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, or nucleotides) and amino acids (polypeptides, or proteins) contain nitrogen. ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 2 Identify the process used to form the covalent peptide bonds that join amino acids into a polypeptide. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that the process that joins amino acids into a polypeptide is a dehydration synthesis OR a condensation reaction. The change in the amino acid sequence illustrated in Figure 1 caused a change in the shape of Receptor X. Based on the R groups of the original and substituted amino acids, explain why Receptor X changed shape. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that two amino acids with charged or ionic or hydrophilic R-groups were replaced by two amino acids with uncharged or nonpolar or hydrophobic R-groups. Using the template below that represents the four levels of protein structure, place an X on each level that is expected to be altered as a result of the amino acid substitutions shown in Figure 1. - Answer️️ -The response indicates primary and tertiary structure. Explain how the amino acid substitution shown in Figure 1 is most likely to affect the function of Receptor X. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that because function is determined by shape, the function of receptor X is likely to change OR that the structural change might alter the binding of the molecule to receptor X OR that the structural change might alter the ability of receptor X to cause a cellular response. Identify the most likely mode of transport across the membrane for substance L. Explain how information provided helps determine the most likely mode of transport. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that substance L most likely crosses the membrane by active transport. The response indicates that the cells maintain an intracellular concentration of 120 mM, which is always greater than the concentration of substance L in the culture medium. ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 3 Determine the external concentration of substance L that will result in one-half of the maximal entry rate. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that the external concentration of substance L that will result in one-half of the maximal entry rate is a value other than one between 31 mM and 34 mM. Predict the likely effect on the ability of substance L to enter the cells if substance L is attached to a large protein instead of free in the culture. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that substance L will be unable to enter the cells if it is attached to a large protein OR the response indicates that substance L will be unable to enter the cells if it is attached to a large protein unless there is a specific cell membrane receptor for the protein. Describe the biological need for cells to be surrounded by a membrane that is selectively permeable for different materials. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that a cell membrane separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment OR that a cell membrane that is selectively permeable can help to regulate what molecules move between the differing environments inside and outside of a cell. Explain how the model shows selective permeability of the membrane to specific ions. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that a membrane channel protein is selective for a specific kind of ion because only one of the two kinds of ion represented can pass through the channel. The response also indicates that ions cannot simply cross directly between the phospholipids of the membrane (although a small lipid-soluble molecule can). Describe the characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer that permit small hydrophobic lipid molecules to pass directly across the membrane. - Answer️️ -The response ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 4 indicates that the interior of a phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic, which allows small hydrophobic molecules to diffuse across the membrane. Based on the model, explain whether the molecules shown crossing the membrane require energy to do so. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that energy is not required for the substances to cross the membrane because the substances are being passively transported from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Describe the role of oxygen in cellular respiration. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that oxygen is the terminal acceptor of electrons that have passed through the electron transport chain. Describe the relationship between the concentration of glucose in the culture medium and the ATP concentration in the cells. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that the concentration of glucose appears to have little or no effect on the ATP concentration of the cells. In a further experiment, the researchers add a compound to the cell growth medium that both binds and releases protons (H+) and also passes through lipid membranes. Predict the effect of this added compound on ATP production by the cells. Justify your prediction. - Answer️️ --The response indicates that the amount of ATP produced will decrease OR that no ATP will be produced. -The response indicates that the compound is more likely to bind protons where the protons are in greater concentration, in the intermembrane space. It also does not indicate that if the compound then carries the protons across the inner membrane to the matrix, there will no longer be a proton concentration/pH/electrochemical gradient ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 5 across the inner membrane, and protons will not flow through and power the ATP synthase enzymes. Depending on the organism, the optimal pH for enolase to catalyze its reaction is between 6.5 and 8.0. Describe how a pH below or above this range is likely to affect enolase and its catalytic ability. - Answer️️ -The response indicates that a pH below or above this range will most likely cause enolase to denature/change its shape and be less efficient or unable to catalyze the reaction. Identify the appropriate negative control the researchers most likely used when measuring the reaction rate in the presence of each organism's enolase. - Answer️️ - The response indicates that the appropriate negative control is to measure the reaction rate (at the varying substrate concentrations) without any enzyme present. The researchers predict that for any particular concentration of substrate, the C. aurantiacus enolase-catalyzed reaction is more rapid at 55°C than at 37°C. Provide reasoning to justify the researchers' prediction. - Answer️️ -The response indicated that the enolase has a more stable/functional/correct/normal protein structure at the higher temperature of 55°C than at 37°C because the enzyme is from an organism that is adapted to growth at 55°C. OPEN STAX QUESTIONS - Answer️️ - What are the characteristics shared by the natural sciences? - Answer️️ -Natural science are different fields of science that relates to the physical world and its phenomena and processes. ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 6 What are the steps of the scientific method? - Answer️️ -Observation, Question, hypothesis that answers a question, Prediction based on the hypothesis, Do an experiment to test the prediction, Analyze the results Identify and describe the properties of life. - Answer️️ -Organized structure, respond to stimuli, reproduction, growth, regulation- nutrient transport, homeostasis- constant internal conditions, energy Processing, adaptation, evolution. Describe the levels of organization among living things. - Answer️️ -Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, the biosphere. How does atomic structure determine the properties of elements, molecules, and matter? - Answer️️ -An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element. The attraction between the positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons holds the atom together. Most atoms contain all three of these types of subatomic particles—protons, electrons, and neutrons. What are the differences among ionic bonds, covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds? - Answer️️ -In an ionic bond, an atom gives away on