AP Biology Chapter 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

AP Biology Chapter 1 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Evolution - Answer️️ -Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth DNA - Answer️️ -Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix Biology - Answer️️ -The scientific study of life Emergent properties - Answer️️ -New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. Systems Biology - Answer️️ -An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts. Eukaryotic Cell - Answer️️ -A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. Prokaryotic Cell - Answer️️ -A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 2 Gene - Answer️️ -A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). Gene expression - Answer️️ -The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. Genome - Answer️️ -The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences. Biosphere - Answer️️ -The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems. Ecosystems - Answer️️ -All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them Community - Answer️️ -All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction. Population - Answer️️ -A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring. Organism - Answer️️ -a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature Organs - Answer️️ -A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues. ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 3 Organ Systems - Answer️️ -A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions. Tissues - Answer️️ -An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both. Organelles - Answer️️ -Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Cell - Answer️️ -The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles. Molecule - Answer️️ -Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. Negative Feedback - Answer️️ -A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. Positive Feedback - Answer️️ -A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change. Adaptation - Answer️️ -Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment. Inductive Reasoning - Answer️️ -Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules Data - Answer️️ -Recorded observations. ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 4 Hypothesis - Answer️️ -A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory. Deductive Reasoning - Answer️️ -A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise. Controlled Experiment - Answer️️ -An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested. Dependent Variable - Answer️️ -It is something that depends on other factors. Independent Variable - Answer️️ -It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. Theory - Answer️️ -An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence. What are the 7 Characteristics of Life? - Answer️