AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

AP Biology - Unit 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions List the differences between a prokaryotic & a eukaryotic cell. - Answer️️ -Eukaryotic Cell: - nucleus (has more DNA) that's bound by a double membrane - endomembrane organelles in the cytosol (nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane, various types of vesicles & vacuoles) - typically larger Prokaryotic Cell: - no nucleus, but has DNA (circular chromosome) that is concentrated in the nucleoid that's not bound by a membrane - no endomembrane organelles - typically smaller List the similarities between a prokaryotic & a eukaryotic cell. - Answer️️ -- plasma membrane - cytosol (filler) - chromosomes (carry genes in the form of DNA) - ribosomes - phospholipid bilayer - vacuoles (Plant cells have one large vacuole; animal cells have multiple small vacuoles) ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 2 - cytoplasm - cholesterol Give two causes for size limits for certain cell types. Which would be considered the main reason for size limits? - Answer️️ -The need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell's metabolic needs is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells. A large surface area : volume ratio is helpful because nutrients needed to sustain the cell enter via the surface of the cell & are needed in quantities related to the cell volume. The smaller the size of the object, the larger its surface area : volume ratio. Ex: In the jelly auger cell lab, diffusion was most efficient in the smallest cube. The larger the cube, the less diffusion occurs because volume increases faster. - Surface area : volume ratio needs to be small. - DNA overload - the larger you get, the bigger the result & the more stuff. It cannot handle all the jobs it needs to do. - As the cell gets bigger = the job of its DNA gets bigger Function of Rough ER - Answer️️ -- Produces proteins for export (protein transport = protein secretion*) - Active & used in membrane synthesis (synthesizes phospholipids & proteins) - Aids in synthesis of secretory & other proteins - Makes membrane, phospholipids, structures - Protein Production ©SOPHIABENNETT EXAM SOLUTIONS_2024/2025 Tuesday, September 3, 2024 10:30 AM Page | 3 Function of Smooth ER - Answer️️ -- Synthesizes lipids - Metabolizes carbohydrates - Detoxifies drugs & poison - Has a collection of enzymes that detoxify drugs, especially in the LIVER - Stores calcium ions - Active in membrane synthesis Function of Ribosomes - Answer️️ -- Make proteins - Carry out protein synthesis Function of Golgi Apparatus - Answer️️ -- Active in synthesis, modification, sorting, & secretion of cell products - Tags, sorts, & packages materials into transport vesicles ("UPS headquarters") Function of Lysosomes - Answer️️ -- Breaks down ingested substances, cell macromolecules, food (phagocytosis), & damaged organelles (autotrophy) for recycling - Gets rid of damaged organelles & waste - Mainly in Animal Cells - Active during & help Apoptosis (cell suicide; self-destruct mechanism) - Turgid (cell membrane is pushing against cell wall &