Please&go&over&the&last&review&on&the&autonomic&
nervous&system&
The&function&of&the&sarcoplasmic&reticulum&
• Sarcoplasmic!reticulum:!network!of!smooth!endoplasmic!reticulum!tubules!which!surrounds!!
each!myofibril!
– SR&functions&:!
– Stores!and!releases!Ca2+!from!expanded!chambers!!Called!Terminal!cisternae.!
1&question&on&Component&of&bones&(bone&cells&and&bone&matrix)&
Spongy'bone''
q “Soft!Bones”!Consist!of!columns!of!bone!plates!called!trabeculae!
q !Trabeculae!lacks!osteons!
q !usually!found!in!the!areas!subjected!to!minimum!stress!
q They!do!not!!have!blood!vessels!passing!through!them,!so!nutrient!diffuses!!from!the!
endosteum!into!bone!marrow.!!
Compact'bone'(cortical'bone)4''“Hard'Bone”'dense'mass'of'bone'tissue'which'Contains'the'
Osteon.'
q Osteon!(haversian!system)!=!basic!structural!unit!of!compact!bones.!!
q cylinders!of!tissue!formed!from!layers!(lamellae)!of!matrix!arranged!around!
central!canal!vascular!canal(!Haversian!canal).!!
q osteocytes!connected!to!each!other!and!their!blood!supply!by!tiny!cell!processes!
in!canaliculi!
q Osteons!consist!of!the!following:! ! !!!!!!!
q Lamella:!!circular!ring!called!cumferential!lamellae!which!surrounds!!a!central!
vascular!canal.!!
q Haverson’s!canal:!!Central!vascular!canal!which!supplies!!nutrient!to!the!osteon.!!
q The!Blood!vessels!!within!the!Haversian!canals!obtain!their!blood!supply!from!
vessels!of!the!periosteum.!
q Volkmann!Perforating!canals!N!!Vascular!canal!which!penetrates!!the!osteons!in!a!
transverse!direction!joining!central!canals!
, q Lacunae!:!Spaces!within!the!Osteon!which!contain!Osteocytes.!
q Canaliculi=!!Small!canals!which!functions!as!passageways!to!connect!Osteocytes!
in!the!lacunae.!
Bone'Matrix'
q Dry!weight!is!1/3!organic!&!2/3!inorganic!matter!
q Organic!matter!
q collagen,!glycosaminoglycans,!proteoglycans!&!glycoproteins!
q Inorganic!matter!
q 85%!hydroxyapatite!(crystallized!calcium!phosphate!salt)!
q 10%!calcium!carbonate!
q other!minerals!(fluoride,!sulfate,!potassium,!magnesium)!
q Combination!provides!strength!&!resilience!
q minerals!resist!compression;!collagen!resists!tension!
q bone!adapts!to!tension!and!compression!by!varying!proportions!!
of!minerals!and!collagen!fibers!
!
Characteristics&of&epithelial&tissue&&
q Epithelium&tissue&:covers,&lines&organ,&form&ducts&and&glands&!
&&&&&& & &&&&&&&&&&&Ex.&Skin&,&mucous&membrane,&salivary&glands&
• Avascular&sheet!of!tightly!attached!cells!that!forms!a!barrier!that!provides!protection!and!
regulates!permeability!.!
v !covers!body!surfaces!(epi=!upon!+!thelium=!surface).!!!!
v Embryonically!!epithelial!tissues!are!derived!!from!all!three!Germ!layer.!!
v Covering!and!lining!epithelial!tissue!forms!a!continuous!layer!which!separate!the!tissues!
it!covers!from!the!outside!Environment.!
v !Glandular!epithelial!tissue!form!structures!which!secrete!substances!on!body!surfaces!
or!into!extracellular!fluids.!!!
v Ex.!Skin,!lining!of!respiratory,!circulatory!system,!salivary!glands!
• Cellularity:!Tightly!packed!cells!forming!sheets,!connected!by!cell!junctions!
, • Polarity:!Cells!have!apical!and!basilar!surfaces!
v Apical'surfaces'–!area!exposed!to!the!environment,!may!also!contain!(Microvilli,'or'Cilia)!
v Basolateral!surfaces!–!area!attached!to!the!basement!membrane!!!
• Cell&junctions:!Cells!communicate!across!cell!junctions!(Tight,!Desmosome,!Gap!Junctions.!
• Avascular:!epithelial!tissue!lacks!blood!vessels;!receive!nutrients!by!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!
! !!!!!!!!!diffusion!from!connective!tissue!
• Basement&Membrane:!supported!and!rest!upon!underline!connective!tissue!!
• Regeneration:!cells!are!replaced!rapidly!by!cell!division!
• Protection:!containment!of!body!fluid!and!prevent!dehydration,!abrasion,!chemical!damage.!!Ex.!
the!skin!!
• Transport&substances:!Filtration!,!Absorption,!Secretion!
• Sensation!:!contains!sensory!input!from!nervous!system!
• Secretion!:!glandular!epithelial!release!substances!to!body!surfaces!or!into!ECF.!
• Absorption:&&Lining!epithelial!in!GI!tract!,!kidneys.!Respiratory!system!
• !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Covering&and&Lining&Epithelium&(Epithelia)!
• Continuous!layer!of!cells!covering!internal!or!external!surfaces!
• Cover!every!exposed!surface!of!the!body,!internal!cavities!and!passageways!
• Lining!epithelium!is!referred!to!as!endothelium!in!the!inside!of!cavities!and!blood!vessels!
• Glandular&Epithelium!(Glands)!
• Structures!that!produce!secretions!!
• Are!either!attached!to!or!derived!from!epithelia!
&
Characteristics&of&connective&tissue!!!!!!!
q Connective&tissue:&&protects,&supports,&stores&energy,&immune&defense&!
&&&&&&& &Ex.&Bones,&blood,&cartilage,&adipose&tissue&
Characteristics!of!connective!tissues!
• Origin:!mesenchyme!embryonic!tissue!
• Mostly!Vascularized!except!for!cartilage!
• ECM!nonliving!component!makes!up!the!majority!of!connective!tissue!
nervous&system&
The&function&of&the&sarcoplasmic&reticulum&
• Sarcoplasmic!reticulum:!network!of!smooth!endoplasmic!reticulum!tubules!which!surrounds!!
each!myofibril!
– SR&functions&:!
– Stores!and!releases!Ca2+!from!expanded!chambers!!Called!Terminal!cisternae.!
1&question&on&Component&of&bones&(bone&cells&and&bone&matrix)&
Spongy'bone''
q “Soft!Bones”!Consist!of!columns!of!bone!plates!called!trabeculae!
q !Trabeculae!lacks!osteons!
q !usually!found!in!the!areas!subjected!to!minimum!stress!
q They!do!not!!have!blood!vessels!passing!through!them,!so!nutrient!diffuses!!from!the!
endosteum!into!bone!marrow.!!
Compact'bone'(cortical'bone)4''“Hard'Bone”'dense'mass'of'bone'tissue'which'Contains'the'
Osteon.'
q Osteon!(haversian!system)!=!basic!structural!unit!of!compact!bones.!!
q cylinders!of!tissue!formed!from!layers!(lamellae)!of!matrix!arranged!around!
central!canal!vascular!canal(!Haversian!canal).!!
q osteocytes!connected!to!each!other!and!their!blood!supply!by!tiny!cell!processes!
in!canaliculi!
q Osteons!consist!of!the!following:! ! !!!!!!!
q Lamella:!!circular!ring!called!cumferential!lamellae!which!surrounds!!a!central!
vascular!canal.!!
q Haverson’s!canal:!!Central!vascular!canal!which!supplies!!nutrient!to!the!osteon.!!
q The!Blood!vessels!!within!the!Haversian!canals!obtain!their!blood!supply!from!
vessels!of!the!periosteum.!
q Volkmann!Perforating!canals!N!!Vascular!canal!which!penetrates!!the!osteons!in!a!
transverse!direction!joining!central!canals!
, q Lacunae!:!Spaces!within!the!Osteon!which!contain!Osteocytes.!
q Canaliculi=!!Small!canals!which!functions!as!passageways!to!connect!Osteocytes!
in!the!lacunae.!
Bone'Matrix'
q Dry!weight!is!1/3!organic!&!2/3!inorganic!matter!
q Organic!matter!
q collagen,!glycosaminoglycans,!proteoglycans!&!glycoproteins!
q Inorganic!matter!
q 85%!hydroxyapatite!(crystallized!calcium!phosphate!salt)!
q 10%!calcium!carbonate!
q other!minerals!(fluoride,!sulfate,!potassium,!magnesium)!
q Combination!provides!strength!&!resilience!
q minerals!resist!compression;!collagen!resists!tension!
q bone!adapts!to!tension!and!compression!by!varying!proportions!!
of!minerals!and!collagen!fibers!
!
Characteristics&of&epithelial&tissue&&
q Epithelium&tissue&:covers,&lines&organ,&form&ducts&and&glands&!
&&&&&& & &&&&&&&&&&&Ex.&Skin&,&mucous&membrane,&salivary&glands&
• Avascular&sheet!of!tightly!attached!cells!that!forms!a!barrier!that!provides!protection!and!
regulates!permeability!.!
v !covers!body!surfaces!(epi=!upon!+!thelium=!surface).!!!!
v Embryonically!!epithelial!tissues!are!derived!!from!all!three!Germ!layer.!!
v Covering!and!lining!epithelial!tissue!forms!a!continuous!layer!which!separate!the!tissues!
it!covers!from!the!outside!Environment.!
v !Glandular!epithelial!tissue!form!structures!which!secrete!substances!on!body!surfaces!
or!into!extracellular!fluids.!!!
v Ex.!Skin,!lining!of!respiratory,!circulatory!system,!salivary!glands!
• Cellularity:!Tightly!packed!cells!forming!sheets,!connected!by!cell!junctions!
, • Polarity:!Cells!have!apical!and!basilar!surfaces!
v Apical'surfaces'–!area!exposed!to!the!environment,!may!also!contain!(Microvilli,'or'Cilia)!
v Basolateral!surfaces!–!area!attached!to!the!basement!membrane!!!
• Cell&junctions:!Cells!communicate!across!cell!junctions!(Tight,!Desmosome,!Gap!Junctions.!
• Avascular:!epithelial!tissue!lacks!blood!vessels;!receive!nutrients!by!! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!
! !!!!!!!!!diffusion!from!connective!tissue!
• Basement&Membrane:!supported!and!rest!upon!underline!connective!tissue!!
• Regeneration:!cells!are!replaced!rapidly!by!cell!division!
• Protection:!containment!of!body!fluid!and!prevent!dehydration,!abrasion,!chemical!damage.!!Ex.!
the!skin!!
• Transport&substances:!Filtration!,!Absorption,!Secretion!
• Sensation!:!contains!sensory!input!from!nervous!system!
• Secretion!:!glandular!epithelial!release!substances!to!body!surfaces!or!into!ECF.!
• Absorption:&&Lining!epithelial!in!GI!tract!,!kidneys.!Respiratory!system!
• !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Covering&and&Lining&Epithelium&(Epithelia)!
• Continuous!layer!of!cells!covering!internal!or!external!surfaces!
• Cover!every!exposed!surface!of!the!body,!internal!cavities!and!passageways!
• Lining!epithelium!is!referred!to!as!endothelium!in!the!inside!of!cavities!and!blood!vessels!
• Glandular&Epithelium!(Glands)!
• Structures!that!produce!secretions!!
• Are!either!attached!to!or!derived!from!epithelia!
&
Characteristics&of&connective&tissue!!!!!!!
q Connective&tissue:&&protects,&supports,&stores&energy,&immune&defense&!
&&&&&&& &Ex.&Bones,&blood,&cartilage,&adipose&tissue&
Characteristics!of!connective!tissues!
• Origin:!mesenchyme!embryonic!tissue!
• Mostly!Vascularized!except!for!cartilage!
• ECM!nonliving!component!makes!up!the!majority!of!connective!tissue!
