Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology 5th Edition TEST BANK by Tommie L Norris

Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology 5th Edition TEST
BANK by Tommie L Norris

Although the heart is the center of the cardiovascular system, ? transport blood
throughout the body. - ANSWER blood vessels

Endothelial cells form a continuous lining for the entire vascular system called the ?.
- ANSWER endothelium

Vascular smooth muscle cells, which form the predominant cellular layer in the
tunica media, produce ? or ? of blood vessels. - ANSWER vasoconstriction, dilation

The term ? denotes a reduction in arterial flow to a level that is insufficient to meet
the oxygen demands of the tissues. - ANSWER ischemia

? refers to an area of ischemic necrosis in an organ produced by occlusion of its
arterial blood supply or its venous drainage. - ANSWER infarction

Elevated levels of blood ? are implicated in the development of atherosclerosis with
its attendant risk of heart attack or stroke. - ANSWER cholesterol

Because ? and ? are insoluble in plasma, they are encapsulated by a stabilizing coat
of water-soluble lipoproteins. - ANSWER cholesterol, triglyceride

The ? transport cholesterol and triglycerides to various tissues for energy utilization,
lipid deposition, steroid hormone production, and bile acid formation. - ANSWER
lipoproteins

Some of the apoproteins activate the ? enzymes that facilitate the removal of lipids
from the lipoproteins. - ANSWER lipolytic

There are two sites of lipoprotein synthesis: the ? and the ? - ANSWER small
intestine, liver

? transfer their triglycerides to the cells of adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. -
ANSWER chylomicrons

LDL, sometimes called the ?, is the main carrier of cholesterol. - ANSWER bad
cholesterol

LDL is removed from circulation either by ? or by ? cells. - ANSWER LDL receptors,
scavenger

The uptake of LDL by macrophages in the arterial wall can result in the accumulation
of insoluble cholesterol esters, the formation of foam cells, and the development of ?.
- ANSWER atherosclerosis

, HDL is synthesized in the liver and often is referred to as the ?. - ANSWER good
cholesterol

Lipoprotein measurements are particularly important in persons at high risk for
development of ?. - ANSWER coronary heart disease

Many types of primary hypercholesterolemia have a ? basis. - ANSWER genetic

Causes of ? hyperlipoproteinemia include obesity with high-calorie intake and
diabetes mellitus. - ANSWER secondary

Excess calorie consistently ? HDL and less consistently ? LDL levels in the blood. -
ANSWER lower, elevate

? is a type of arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries - ANSWER
atherosclerosis

The major risk factor for atherosclerosis is ?. - ANSWER hypercholesterolemia

? is closely linked with coronary heart disease and sudden death. - ANSWER
cigarette smoking

Considerable interest in the role of ? in the etiology of atherosclerosis has emerged
over the last few years. - ANSWER inflammation

? is a serum marker for systemic inflammation. - ANSWER C-reactive protein
(CRP)

? inhibits elements of the anticoagulant cascade and is associated with endothelial
damage, which is thought to be an important first step in the development of
atherosclerosis. - ANSWER Homocysteine

Activated macrophages release ? that oxidize LDL. - ANSWER free radicals

Small vessel ? are sometimes associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.
- ANSWER vasculitides

An ? is a freely moving particle such as a blood clot that breaks loose and travels in
the larger vessels of the circulation until lodging in a smaller vessel and occluding
blood flow. - ANSWER embolus

? is an inflammatory arterial disorder that causes thrombus formation. - ANSWER
Thromboangiitis obliterans

? is a functional disorder caused by intense vasospasm of the arteries and arterioles
in the fingers and, less often, the toes. - ANSWER Raynaud phenomenon

An ? is an abnormal localized dilatation of a blood vessel. - ANSWER aneurysm