PPE 3003 Exam 1 || very Flawless.
Personality is the set of psychological _________ and _________. correct answers traits;
mechanisms
Define trait-descriptive adjectives and average tendencies and understand how these interplay
with psychological traits. correct answers Descriptive adjectives (about 20,000) are used to
describe certain traits that characterize an individual's average tendencies or behaviors.
True or false: Personality is stable over time and consistent over situations. correct answers true
Define psychological mechanisms, be able to describe and identify the three essential ingredients
of psychological mechanisms. correct answers 3 ingredients: inputs, decision rules and outputs.
Explain how certain personality traits are activated only under particular circumstances. correct
answers Some personality traits may be activated only under specific circumstances such as
courage:
-Inputs (environment) - danger (snake)
-Decision rules (options) - if courageous, face it; if not, run
-Outputs (behaviors) - run
Describe the four types of interactions with situations. (perceptions, selections, evocations and
manipulations) correct answers 1. perceptions-how we see the world
2. selections- manner in which we choose situations to enter
3. evocations- reactions we produce in others
4. manipulations- ways we intentionally attempt to influence other people
Give an example of how maladaptive traits may be functional correct answers Excessive
worrying can lead to a lot of support from others
Identify the types of questions that personality researchers ask. (4) correct answers 1. How many
traits are there?
2. How are the traits organized?
3. What are the origins of traits?
4. What are the correlations and consequences of traits?
What are the 3 levels of personality analysis? correct answers 1. human nature (universals)
2. individual and group differences (particulars)
3. individual uniqueness
Describe the human nature level of personality analysis. correct answers -How we are "like all
others"
-Traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical of our species and possessed by nearly
everyone
, Give 2 examples of traits and mechanisms that are typical of our species. correct answers 1.
language skills
2. need to belong
Describe the individual and group differences level of personality analysis. correct answers -how
we are "like some others"
-Individual differences:
ways in which each person is like some other people (e.g., extraverts, sensations-seekers, high
self-esteem persons)
-Group differences:
ways in which the people of one group differ from people in another group (e.g., cultural
differences, age differences)
Describe the individual uniqueness level of personality analysis correct answers -how we are
"like no others"
-Every individual has personal and unique qualities not shared by any other person in the world
Differentiate idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality research. correct answers
Nomothetic- statistical comparisons of individuals or groups to identify human universals
Idiographic- single person used to identify uniqueness
Name the 6 domains of knowledge: correct answers Dispositional
Biological
Intrapsychic
Cognitive-Experiential
Social and Cultural
Adjustment
This primary goal of the __________ domain is to analyze individual differences. correct
answers dispositional
The primary goal of the ________ domain is to analyze the systematic link between the brain
and personality traits. correct answers biological
Which domain emphasizes how personality is shaped by our unconscious? correct answers
intrapsychic
Which domain focuses on cognition and subjective experience including conscious thoughts and
feelings? correct answers cognitive-experiential
The ______ domain emphasizes how personality affects, and is affected by, cultural and social
contexts. correct answers social and cultural
Which domain focuses on how personality plays a role in how we cope, adapt and adjust to
events in daily life? correct answers adjustment
Personality is the set of psychological _________ and _________. correct answers traits;
mechanisms
Define trait-descriptive adjectives and average tendencies and understand how these interplay
with psychological traits. correct answers Descriptive adjectives (about 20,000) are used to
describe certain traits that characterize an individual's average tendencies or behaviors.
True or false: Personality is stable over time and consistent over situations. correct answers true
Define psychological mechanisms, be able to describe and identify the three essential ingredients
of psychological mechanisms. correct answers 3 ingredients: inputs, decision rules and outputs.
Explain how certain personality traits are activated only under particular circumstances. correct
answers Some personality traits may be activated only under specific circumstances such as
courage:
-Inputs (environment) - danger (snake)
-Decision rules (options) - if courageous, face it; if not, run
-Outputs (behaviors) - run
Describe the four types of interactions with situations. (perceptions, selections, evocations and
manipulations) correct answers 1. perceptions-how we see the world
2. selections- manner in which we choose situations to enter
3. evocations- reactions we produce in others
4. manipulations- ways we intentionally attempt to influence other people
Give an example of how maladaptive traits may be functional correct answers Excessive
worrying can lead to a lot of support from others
Identify the types of questions that personality researchers ask. (4) correct answers 1. How many
traits are there?
2. How are the traits organized?
3. What are the origins of traits?
4. What are the correlations and consequences of traits?
What are the 3 levels of personality analysis? correct answers 1. human nature (universals)
2. individual and group differences (particulars)
3. individual uniqueness
Describe the human nature level of personality analysis. correct answers -How we are "like all
others"
-Traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical of our species and possessed by nearly
everyone
, Give 2 examples of traits and mechanisms that are typical of our species. correct answers 1.
language skills
2. need to belong
Describe the individual and group differences level of personality analysis. correct answers -how
we are "like some others"
-Individual differences:
ways in which each person is like some other people (e.g., extraverts, sensations-seekers, high
self-esteem persons)
-Group differences:
ways in which the people of one group differ from people in another group (e.g., cultural
differences, age differences)
Describe the individual uniqueness level of personality analysis correct answers -how we are
"like no others"
-Every individual has personal and unique qualities not shared by any other person in the world
Differentiate idiographic and nomothetic approaches to personality research. correct answers
Nomothetic- statistical comparisons of individuals or groups to identify human universals
Idiographic- single person used to identify uniqueness
Name the 6 domains of knowledge: correct answers Dispositional
Biological
Intrapsychic
Cognitive-Experiential
Social and Cultural
Adjustment
This primary goal of the __________ domain is to analyze individual differences. correct
answers dispositional
The primary goal of the ________ domain is to analyze the systematic link between the brain
and personality traits. correct answers biological
Which domain emphasizes how personality is shaped by our unconscious? correct answers
intrapsychic
Which domain focuses on cognition and subjective experience including conscious thoughts and
feelings? correct answers cognitive-experiential
The ______ domain emphasizes how personality affects, and is affected by, cultural and social
contexts. correct answers social and cultural
Which domain focuses on how personality plays a role in how we cope, adapt and adjust to
events in daily life? correct answers adjustment
