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UGA BIOS 2024 Exam 1 Questions With
Revised Answers
Measurement - answer✔✔how we get our data; positioning observations along a numerical
column; classifying them into categories; Ex. Age, weight, height, blood glucose level, etc.
Individuals - answer✔✔sometimes called units of observation, are the objects described by a set
of data; people, animals, things, etc.
variable - answer✔✔any characteristic of an individual; can take different values for different
individuals; height, weight, age, number of cigs per day, etc.
observation - answer✔✔the value of a particular variable(s) for a particular individual at a
particular point in time
data - answer✔✔a group of measurements that have been collected on observations
dataset - answer✔✔how data are organized once they are collected; contains multiple
observations per individual (like patient/patient visit date/ bp)
observation - answer✔✔(in dataset); usually in a dataset; each column contains a variable and
each cell contains a value
descriptive stats - answer✔✔summarize and describe the prominent or important features of the
data
inferential stats - answer✔✔drawing general conclusions (making estimates, decisions or
predictions) about the nature of something based on sample data
population - answer✔✔the collection of individuals that we would like to describe
sample - answer✔✔a part (subset) of the population that we use to infer a generalization
numerical variable - answer✔✔takes numerical values (quantitative); adding, averaging, etc.
categorical variable - answer✔✔places an individual into one of several groups or categories
(qualitative)
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nominal - answer✔✔(subtype of categorical variable) purely qualitative and unordered; values
fall into unordered categories; numbers often used for categories (labels only); ex. Hair color (1
= black, 2 = brown, 3=blonde, etc.); ex. Blood type, race, state of residence
binary (dichotomous) variables - answer✔✔nominal variables that take on one of two possible
distinct values (only 2 choices)
ordinal - answer✔✔(subtype of categorical variable) qualitative and ordered; naturally ordered;
numbers used to rep. the categories; ex. Like stages of cancer, letter grade, likert scale, age
categories, etc.
likert scale - answer✔✔used in survey research and people register their level agreement with a
statement (1. strongly disagree, 2. agree, etc.)
quantitative data - answer✔✔refers to a type of data that is based on quantities that can be
measured and written down with numbers
continuous variables - answer✔✔(subtype of quantitative data) can take any real numerical value
over an interval
Measurable quantities that are not restricted to taking on certain specified values (like counts)
Ex. Weight, height, etc.
Fractions and decimals are always possible between numbers
discrete variables - answer✔✔(subtype of quantitative data) quantitative variables that can only
take a limited, finite number of values
Counts (specified values)
Both ordering and magnitude are important
Ex. Number of car accidents in Georgia in a month, petals on a flower, etc.
counts - answer✔✔specified values
qualitative data - answer✔✔type of data that is based on some quality or characteristic, and
results in descriptions or distinctions. Cant actually be measured
table - answer✔✔a very simple way to summarize all types of variables
distribution - answer✔✔tells us what values the variable takes and how often it takes these
values
frequency distributions - answer✔✔common type of table; for categorical variables, this consists
of a set of classes or categories along with the numerical counts that correspond to each one
UGA BIOS 2024 Exam 1 Questions With
Revised Answers
Measurement - answer✔✔how we get our data; positioning observations along a numerical
column; classifying them into categories; Ex. Age, weight, height, blood glucose level, etc.
Individuals - answer✔✔sometimes called units of observation, are the objects described by a set
of data; people, animals, things, etc.
variable - answer✔✔any characteristic of an individual; can take different values for different
individuals; height, weight, age, number of cigs per day, etc.
observation - answer✔✔the value of a particular variable(s) for a particular individual at a
particular point in time
data - answer✔✔a group of measurements that have been collected on observations
dataset - answer✔✔how data are organized once they are collected; contains multiple
observations per individual (like patient/patient visit date/ bp)
observation - answer✔✔(in dataset); usually in a dataset; each column contains a variable and
each cell contains a value
descriptive stats - answer✔✔summarize and describe the prominent or important features of the
data
inferential stats - answer✔✔drawing general conclusions (making estimates, decisions or
predictions) about the nature of something based on sample data
population - answer✔✔the collection of individuals that we would like to describe
sample - answer✔✔a part (subset) of the population that we use to infer a generalization
numerical variable - answer✔✔takes numerical values (quantitative); adding, averaging, etc.
categorical variable - answer✔✔places an individual into one of several groups or categories
(qualitative)
, ©THEBRIGHTSTARS 2024
nominal - answer✔✔(subtype of categorical variable) purely qualitative and unordered; values
fall into unordered categories; numbers often used for categories (labels only); ex. Hair color (1
= black, 2 = brown, 3=blonde, etc.); ex. Blood type, race, state of residence
binary (dichotomous) variables - answer✔✔nominal variables that take on one of two possible
distinct values (only 2 choices)
ordinal - answer✔✔(subtype of categorical variable) qualitative and ordered; naturally ordered;
numbers used to rep. the categories; ex. Like stages of cancer, letter grade, likert scale, age
categories, etc.
likert scale - answer✔✔used in survey research and people register their level agreement with a
statement (1. strongly disagree, 2. agree, etc.)
quantitative data - answer✔✔refers to a type of data that is based on quantities that can be
measured and written down with numbers
continuous variables - answer✔✔(subtype of quantitative data) can take any real numerical value
over an interval
Measurable quantities that are not restricted to taking on certain specified values (like counts)
Ex. Weight, height, etc.
Fractions and decimals are always possible between numbers
discrete variables - answer✔✔(subtype of quantitative data) quantitative variables that can only
take a limited, finite number of values
Counts (specified values)
Both ordering and magnitude are important
Ex. Number of car accidents in Georgia in a month, petals on a flower, etc.
counts - answer✔✔specified values
qualitative data - answer✔✔type of data that is based on some quality or characteristic, and
results in descriptions or distinctions. Cant actually be measured
table - answer✔✔a very simple way to summarize all types of variables
distribution - answer✔✔tells us what values the variable takes and how often it takes these
values
frequency distributions - answer✔✔common type of table; for categorical variables, this consists
of a set of classes or categories along with the numerical counts that correspond to each one
