BIOL 254 Anatomy and Physiology
Exam 3 Study Guide
Respiratory System
1. Four processes of respiration
1. Pulmonary ventilation →
breathing
a. Consists of inspiration
and expiration
i. Inspiration →
moves air into the
lungs from the
atmosphere
ii. Expiration →
moves air out of the
lungs into the
atmosphere
2. External respiration
a. O2 diffuses from the
lungs → blood
b. CO2 diffuses from the
blood → lungs
3. Transport → the cardiovascular
system transports gases using
blood as the transporting fluid
a. O2 is transported from the lungs → tissue cells of the body
b. CO2 is transported from the tissue cells → lungs
4. Internal respiration
a. O2 diffuses from blood → tissue cells
b. CO2 diffuses from the tissue cells → blood
2. Pathway of movement of air in and out of the respiratory system
1. O2-rich air from environment
2. Nasal cavities
3. Pharynx
,4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli (O2 and CO2 exchange)
8. Bronchioles
9. Bronchi
10. Trachea
11. Pharynx
12. Nasal cavities
13. CO2-rich air to the environment
1. O2-rich air from environment
2. Nasal cavities
a. Mucus membrane acts as a filter (+ cilia)
b. Mucus created and secreted by goblet
cells
3. Pharynx → AKA the throat, a membrane-lined
cavity (passageway) for food, drink, and air into
and out of the body
a. Connects the nose and mouth to the
larynx and esophagus
b. Divided into:
i. Nasopharynx
ii. Oropharynx
iii. Laryngopharynx
c. Larynx → AKA the voice box, muscular organ
(passageway) for air into and out of the body
i. Connects to the trachea
ii. Epiglottis → moveable flap of elastic
cartilage that covers the opening of
the larynx to prevent food from
entering during swallowing
4. Trachea → AKA windpipe
5. Bronchi
a. Primary bronchi
b. Secondary bronchi
, c. Tertiary bronchi
i. Each successive branching:
1. Cartilage decreases
2. Smooth muscle increases
3. Allows for variation in airway diameter
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli (O2 and CO2 exchange)
3. Functions of nasal cavity and effect of smoking
● Mucous membrane in nasal cavity acts as a filter
○ Mucous and cilia protect lungs from dirt, pollutants, bacteria
○ Mucous moistens the air (easier for alveoli to absorb)
■ Mucous created and secreted by goblet cells
4. Differences in lungs
● Involved in the process of respiration (breathing) → exchanges O2 for CO2
● Right and left lungs bound within thoracic cavity
● Left lung → 2 lobes, 1 fissure
■ Slightly smaller by volume and mass → accommodates heart
○ Superior and inferior lobes
○ Left oblique fissure
● Right lung → 3 lobes, 2 fissures
○ Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
○ Right oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
5. Conducting zone and respiratory zone structures and how characteristics of the
bronchial tree change with branching
● Conducting zone
○ Nose
○ Pharynx
○ Larynx
○ Trachea
○ Bronchi
○ Bronchioles
● Respiratory zone (deep inside the lungs)
Exam 3 Study Guide
Respiratory System
1. Four processes of respiration
1. Pulmonary ventilation →
breathing
a. Consists of inspiration
and expiration
i. Inspiration →
moves air into the
lungs from the
atmosphere
ii. Expiration →
moves air out of the
lungs into the
atmosphere
2. External respiration
a. O2 diffuses from the
lungs → blood
b. CO2 diffuses from the
blood → lungs
3. Transport → the cardiovascular
system transports gases using
blood as the transporting fluid
a. O2 is transported from the lungs → tissue cells of the body
b. CO2 is transported from the tissue cells → lungs
4. Internal respiration
a. O2 diffuses from blood → tissue cells
b. CO2 diffuses from the tissue cells → blood
2. Pathway of movement of air in and out of the respiratory system
1. O2-rich air from environment
2. Nasal cavities
3. Pharynx
,4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli (O2 and CO2 exchange)
8. Bronchioles
9. Bronchi
10. Trachea
11. Pharynx
12. Nasal cavities
13. CO2-rich air to the environment
1. O2-rich air from environment
2. Nasal cavities
a. Mucus membrane acts as a filter (+ cilia)
b. Mucus created and secreted by goblet
cells
3. Pharynx → AKA the throat, a membrane-lined
cavity (passageway) for food, drink, and air into
and out of the body
a. Connects the nose and mouth to the
larynx and esophagus
b. Divided into:
i. Nasopharynx
ii. Oropharynx
iii. Laryngopharynx
c. Larynx → AKA the voice box, muscular organ
(passageway) for air into and out of the body
i. Connects to the trachea
ii. Epiglottis → moveable flap of elastic
cartilage that covers the opening of
the larynx to prevent food from
entering during swallowing
4. Trachea → AKA windpipe
5. Bronchi
a. Primary bronchi
b. Secondary bronchi
, c. Tertiary bronchi
i. Each successive branching:
1. Cartilage decreases
2. Smooth muscle increases
3. Allows for variation in airway diameter
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli (O2 and CO2 exchange)
3. Functions of nasal cavity and effect of smoking
● Mucous membrane in nasal cavity acts as a filter
○ Mucous and cilia protect lungs from dirt, pollutants, bacteria
○ Mucous moistens the air (easier for alveoli to absorb)
■ Mucous created and secreted by goblet cells
4. Differences in lungs
● Involved in the process of respiration (breathing) → exchanges O2 for CO2
● Right and left lungs bound within thoracic cavity
● Left lung → 2 lobes, 1 fissure
■ Slightly smaller by volume and mass → accommodates heart
○ Superior and inferior lobes
○ Left oblique fissure
● Right lung → 3 lobes, 2 fissures
○ Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
○ Right oblique fissure and horizontal fissure
5. Conducting zone and respiratory zone structures and how characteristics of the
bronchial tree change with branching
● Conducting zone
○ Nose
○ Pharynx
○ Larynx
○ Trachea
○ Bronchi
○ Bronchioles
● Respiratory zone (deep inside the lungs)
