Safe Maternity and Pediatrics Nursing Care Test 3 latest Update Graded A+

Safe Maternity and Pediatrics Nursing Care Test 3 latest Update Graded A+ Oxytocin (chapter 8 terms) - ANSWER-pituitary hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream and stimulates the uterine muscle Prostaglandins - ANSWER-Are hormonelike substances with a variety of effects on tissues, including contractions and relaxation of smooth muscles Estriol - ANSWER-Is one of three types of estrogens that occur naturally in the body Lightening - ANSWER-Is usually noticed by the mother after the 38th week of pregnancy as the fetus descends or drops into the pelvis Braxton Hicks contractions - ANSWER-Are irregular, mild contractions that occur in that pregnancy and do not produce cervical effacement and dilation Effacement - ANSWER-Is the cervix-thinning process that may begins toward end of pregnancy Dilation - ANSWER-Is the opening of the closed cervix to approximately 10cm or larger enough to accommodate the fetal head Signs of labor - ANSWER-Bloody show-mucus plug, burst of energy-nesting, rupture of membranes (ROM)-water break/look at color, contractions7p's of labor - ANSWER-Passage, Passenger, Powers, Position, Psyche, Pain management and Patience The inlet - ANSWER-This area consists of the area from the symphysis pubis(the anterior), the sacral promontory and the lines terminalis The midpelvis - ANSWER-This area is the narrowest part of the pelvis that that fetus must pass through during childbirth The outlet - ANSWER-This area has three measured diameter, the AP diameter ranges from 9.6 to 11.5cm, varying with the curve between the sacrococcygeal joints and the coccyx Fetal lie - ANSWER-Refers to the alignment of the fetus with the mother: Longitudinal fetus that is lying parallel with the mother Transverse: fetus that is lying perpendicular to the mother's body Oblique: fetus fetus lying at an angle between the transverse lie and the longitude lie Fetal presentation - ANSWER-Refers to the relationship of a given point on the fetus presenting part with the mother's pelvis. The landmark for the head or cephalic presenting part is the occipital bone Fetal attitude - ANSWER-Refers to the positioning of the fetus' body parts Fetal station - ANSWER-Is the measurement in centimeters of the fetal head in relationship to the maternal ischial spines in the pelvis Increment - ANSWER-Which can be described as the onset and buildup of intensity of the contraction Acme - ANSWER-Which is the peak of the contraction Decrement - ANSWER-Which is the subsiding of the contraction Onset - ANSWER-The exact time that a contraction Duration - ANSWER-The actual time that a contraction lasts from beginning to end Frequency - ANSWER-The time between contractions, which is measured from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next contraction Intensity - ANSWER-The strength of the contraction at the peak or acme of the contraction; can be measured by palpation by an experienced practitioner and by internal fetal monitoring Engagement - ANSWER-Occurs when the widest diameter of the presenting part which is most often the fetal head, enters the mother's pelvis to a level of the maternal ischial spines Certified nurse midwives(CNMs) (chapter 9 terms) - ANSWER-A birthing center is a homelike setting, provide family-centered care Meconium - ANSWER-Is usually the first the bowel movement, but is expelled from the intestines of the fetus when stress or hypoxia(ie, decreased oxygen) is experienced in the uterus Leopold's maneuvers - ANSWER-A method of uterus palpation to determine fetal position and presentation Cephalic - ANSWER-Is a medical terms of Latin origin that means head Variablility - ANSWER-(ie, best-to-beat intervals of the fetal heart that represent a healthy sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in the fetus) Decelerations - ANSWER-(ie, drops in the FHR from the baseline) Acceleration - ANSWER-(ie, short increases in the FHR above the baseline), and decelerations Intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC - ANSWER-A small flexible tube inserted into the uterus along the uterine wall that provides exact measurement of contraction length and intensity Periodic decelerations - ANSWER-(ie, decelerations associated with contractions), changes or trends in the FHR pattern over time and frequency, duration and intensity of uterine contractions Episodic decelerations - ANSWER-Are drops in the FHR not associated with uterine contractions, and periodic decelerations are drops in the FHR that are associated with uterine contractions Early decelerations - ANSWER-Are a gradual decrease in the FHR with the onset of deceleration to nadir(ie, lowest point) equal to or less than 30 seconds Nadir - ANSWER-the lowest point in the fortunes of a person or organization Late decelerations - ANSWER-Occur after the uterine contractions begins and the nadir is noted after the peak of the contraction Tachysystole - ANSWER-more than 5 contractions in 10 minutes, can be caused by overstimulation from oxytocin or can occur spontaneously without a known cause Amnioinfusion - ANSWER-Which is a procedure in which room temperature normal saline is infused into the uterus through an IUPC to increase the volume of fluid in the uterus Tocolytic medications - ANSWER-That suppress uterine activity may be prescribed Variable decelerations - ANSWER-HR up or down, cord compression = BERY BAD Hyperventilation (chapter 10 terms) - ANSWER-Can occur if the women breathes too fast and too deep in response to pain in labor Amniotomy - ANSWER-Which is the artificial rupture of the uterine membranes with an amniohook Epidural - ANSWER-Which is the injection of drugs through a catheter placed in the epidural space around the vertebral bones Anesthesia - ANSWER-Administrated to this area causes partial or complete loss of sensation to the perineal area Episiotomy - ANSWER-Which is an incision into the perineum can be done without the injection of an anesthetic but anesthesia is necessary for repair Apgar score - ANSWER-is used to assess the newborn's heart rate, muscle tone, response to stimuli and color rating by assigning a score of 0 to 2 to each category Analgesia - ANSWER-is the absence of a normal sense of pain that is achieved by the administration of pain relievers Visceral pain - ANSWER-refers to pain internal organs is caused by activation of receptors in the chest, abdomen or pelvic area that send signals to the spinal cord and on to the brain Somatic pain - ANSWER-is caused by activation of pain receptors in the body surface or musculoskeletal tissues Pudendal block - ANSWER-(ie, injection into the pudendal nerve) analgesia, epidural analgesia, spinal analgesia or a combination of epidural and spinal analgesia Pruritus - ANSWER-(ie, itching) and notifying the healthcare provider for a medication order to treat the itching Spinal anesthesia - ANSWER-is used less often than epidural because it is fast-acting but short-lasting involves placing a needle into the intrathecal space(ie, within the spinal canal) injecting medication and removing the needle Local anesthesia - ANSWER-is injected into the perineum between the vagina and rectum for fast, temporary relief of the stretching pain during delivery, repair of any tears, or an episiotomy General anesthesia - ANSWER-is used when an emergency situation arises and the women needs a cesarean birth quickly, leaving insufficient time to start an epidural or spinal anesthesia Atony - ANSWER-lack of normal muscle tone Doula - ANSWER-A woman who helps with the birth process, including massage during birth and help with breast-feeding. Ophthalmia Neonatorum - ANSWER-conjunctivitis of the newborn Cervical incompetence (chapter 11 terms) - ANSWERdefined by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists as the inability of the uterine cervix to retain a pregnancy in the second trimester in the absence of uterine contractions, preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) painless dilation of the cervix and a rapid delivery of the fetus Cerclage - ANSWER-is the use of sutures around the cervix to prevent the opening of the cervix, it is usually performed at 12 to 14 weeks' gestation and removed after 37 weeks gestation or the onset of labor Fetal fibronectin (fFN) - ANSWER-Cervical swab for a protein that acts as a "glue" during pregnancy attaches the amniotic sac to the lining of the uterus. After the 35th week of pregnancy, it begins to break down naturally, and is detectable. If premature birth is imminent, fetal fibronectin may be detected before week 35. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) - ANSWERrefers to the patient that is at least 37 weeks gestation before the onset of labor Preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) - ANSWER-is the rupture of membranes before 37 weeks gestation Chorioamnionitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the chorion and amnion membranes Macrosomia - ANSWER-(ie, excessive newborn weight) which lead to complications Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) - ANSWER-the fetal head is too large for the maternal pelvis, prolonged labor Shoulder dystocia - ANSWER-fetal shoulders are wedge or stuck in the maternal pelvis Amniotic band syndrome - ANSWER-a condition in which adhesions between the amnion and fetus occurs causing deformities such as limb amputation External version - ANSWER-is a procedure in which the health-care provider attempts to change the fetal position externally Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) - ANSWERabnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues Fibromyomas - ANSWER-benign uterine tumor, located behind the placenta Uterine rupture - ANSWER-a tear in the wall of the uterus Nuchal cord - ANSWER-Umbilical cord around the fetal neck. Retained placenta - ANSWER-retention of the placenta beyond 30 minutes after birth Fetal demise - ANSWER-death of the fetus Uterine inversion - ANSWER-turning of the uterus inside out after birth of the fetus Precipitous delivery - ANSWER-birth of the fetus after less than 3 hours of labor External cephalic version - ANSWER-the attempt by the health-care provider to move a malpositioned fetus, such as a breech or transverse lie, into a vertex cephalic presentation after 37 weeks gestation Labor induction - ANSWER-uses chemical or mechanical methods to start cervical effacement, dilation and contraction Augmentation - ANSWER-the stimulation of hypotonic uterine contractions if labor has begun but the contractions are ineffective in producing dilation and labor progression Bishop's score - ANSWER-is a tool used by many healthcare providers to evaluate cervical ripening and is predictive of readiness for the induction of labor Vacuum extraction - ANSWER-cuplike device is used to assist with delivery of the infant Foceps - ANSWER-a metal instrument is used to assist with delivery of the infant's head, to expedite a vaginal delivery Pfannenstiel's incision or Suprapubic incision - ANSWERbikini cut Collaboration - ANSWER-the act of working together Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) - ANSWER-Giving birth vaginally after having had a previous cesarean birth Trial of Labor After Cesarean (TOLAC) - ANSWER-An attempt to have a vaginal birth after a previous cesarean birth. Afterpains (chapter 13 terms) - ANSWER-the intermittent contractions that some women describe as cramping Puerperium - ANSWER-is the 6-week period following the delivery of the placenta and lasts until the reproductive organs return to a nonpregnant state Involution - ANSWER-Return of the uterus to a nonpregnant state after birth Fundus - ANSWER-top of uterus Exfoliation - ANSWER-is the sloughing of dead tissue at the placental site, leaving the site smooth and without scar tissue Lochia - ANSWER-vaginal discharge after childbirth Lochia rubra - ANSWER-is bright red and it lasts for 1 to 3 days Lochia serous - ANSWER-is pink or brown in color and lasts for 4 to 9 days Lochia alba - ANSWER-is the final stage of uterine sloughing, the discharge is yellow-white and may continue up to weeks after delivery Rugae - ANSWER-gradually, over the next 4 weeks, the edema decreases and the vaginal folds Diuresis - ANSWER-which is the secretion and passage of large amounts of urine Diaphoresis - ANSWER-excessive sweating Diastasis recti - ANSWER-the abdominal muscles lack tone right after delivery, some women experience a separation of the abdominal wall muscle Bonding - ANSWER-is the start of a lifelong relationship with the newborn Attachment - ANSWER-is the establishment of a emotionally positive and rewarding relationship between an infant an the parent Engrossment - ANSWER-Paternal analogue of maternal emotional bonding; term used to describe fathers' fascination with their neonates, including their desire to touch, hold, caress, and talk to the newborn baby. Hematoma (chapter 14 terms) - ANSWER-a collection of blood in the subcutaneous space, and for intactness of the episiotomy or the repaired laceration Subinvolution - ANSWER-failure of uterus to return to nonpregnant state Endometritis - ANSWER-inflammation of the endometrium Hematuria - ANSWER-blood in the urine Mastitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the breast; most commonly occurs in women who are breastfeeding Thromboembolism - ANSWER-is a condition in which the blood vessel becomes inflamed and a blood clot develops Thrombus - ANSWER-is a clot made up of platelets and fibrins that develops on a vessel wall Anhedonia - ANSWER-inability to feel pleasure Othrostatic hypotension - ANSWER-Dizziness due to sudden changes in posture (usually found in elderly), cause by slow nervous system response. When you suddenly get up from a resting position, your blood pressure drops. Psychosis - ANSWER-a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions Sitz bath - ANSWER-a warm soak of the perineal area to clean perineal wounds and reduce inflammation and pain