NR507- ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
LATEST UPDATED 2024-2025
Acute kidney failure - Answer: Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretics with good output; this shows
that the kidneys function well.
Acute Pyelonephritis: ANSWER Diagnosing clinical signs alone might be difficult;
it can be identical to cystitis.
The diagnosis was established by:
- Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicate pyelonephritis, although are not usually present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-To diagnose complicated pyelonephritis, blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
are required.
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - Treatment Goals:
Manage acute pain.
promote the flow of stone
Reduce the size of stone.
Prevent new stone development.
,Chronic Renal Failure - Answer Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive
loss of renal function associated with systemic diseases such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (the most major risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus, or
intrinsic kidney disease.
The CKD stage is defined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria.
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ANSWER End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
last stage of chronic kidney disease, with diabetes mellitus and hypertension being
the leading causes. At this time, the patient is entirely reliant on dialysis for
survival.
CKD is divided into five stages based on a patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will require dialysis if the following symptoms are present:
Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: The presence of EKG abnormalities (peaked T-waves) indicates
the need for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia is not a sufficient reason for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: The following medications are indicated for dialysis: salicylates,
lithium, isopropanol, methanol, and ethylene glycol.
--A fluid volume overflow that does not respond to diuretics.
-Uremic symptoms caused by nitrogenous wastes in the bloodstream.
Stage I CKD - ANSWER Kidney injury occurs with normal or high GFR.
90-120
Stage II CKD - ANSWER There is renal injury and a modest drop in GFR.
60-89
, Stage III CKD - ANSWER The GFR decreases somewhat.
30-59
Stage IV CKD - ANSWER The GFR has significantly decreased.
15-29
Stage V CKD - ANSWER Kidney failure or end-stage renal disease
<15 (Dialysis) Once Stage IV is achieved, advancement to Stage V is inevitable, as
is dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Complications of Lowered GFR: ANSWER Anemia
Hypertension
Reduced calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure.
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overflow.
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (a late complication)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
LATEST UPDATED 2024-2025
Acute kidney failure - Answer: Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretics with good output; this shows
that the kidneys function well.
Acute Pyelonephritis: ANSWER Diagnosing clinical signs alone might be difficult;
it can be identical to cystitis.
The diagnosis was established by:
- Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicate pyelonephritis, although are not usually present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-To diagnose complicated pyelonephritis, blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
are required.
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - Treatment Goals:
Manage acute pain.
promote the flow of stone
Reduce the size of stone.
Prevent new stone development.
,Chronic Renal Failure - Answer Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive
loss of renal function associated with systemic diseases such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (the most major risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus, or
intrinsic kidney disease.
The CKD stage is defined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria.
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - ANSWER End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
last stage of chronic kidney disease, with diabetes mellitus and hypertension being
the leading causes. At this time, the patient is entirely reliant on dialysis for
survival.
CKD is divided into five stages based on a patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will require dialysis if the following symptoms are present:
Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: The presence of EKG abnormalities (peaked T-waves) indicates
the need for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia is not a sufficient reason for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: The following medications are indicated for dialysis: salicylates,
lithium, isopropanol, methanol, and ethylene glycol.
--A fluid volume overflow that does not respond to diuretics.
-Uremic symptoms caused by nitrogenous wastes in the bloodstream.
Stage I CKD - ANSWER Kidney injury occurs with normal or high GFR.
90-120
Stage II CKD - ANSWER There is renal injury and a modest drop in GFR.
60-89
, Stage III CKD - ANSWER The GFR decreases somewhat.
30-59
Stage IV CKD - ANSWER The GFR has significantly decreased.
15-29
Stage V CKD - ANSWER Kidney failure or end-stage renal disease
<15 (Dialysis) Once Stage IV is achieved, advancement to Stage V is inevitable, as
is dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Complications of Lowered GFR: ANSWER Anemia
Hypertension
Reduced calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure.
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overflow.
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (a late complication)
