BNKN602 PERIOPERATIVE EXAM 2024-2025
Atelectasis refers to a partial or full collapse of a lobe or the entire lung. Increased
mucous, post-operative anaesthesia and foreign body are the causes.
Atelectasis Pathophysiology
Reduced ventilation leads to airflow obstruction in the alveoli, which absorbs
trapped air into the bloodstream. This prevents air from entering the alveoli,
causing the lungs to collapse.
.
Atelectasis symptoms
Coughing, SOB, central cyanosis, wheezing, WOB, lower SpO2, increased CO2,
RR, HR
Deep vein thrombosis.
Blood clots are developing in deep veins. Caused by malignancy, lack of mobility,
surgery, and inflammation.
Deep vein thrombosis pathophysiology
Poor blood flow causes blood to pool in the periphery, triggering a clotting cascade.
Platelets and fibrin form the initial clot, resulting in lower oxygen levels and
increased haemoglobin concentration.
Deep vein thrombosis indications and symptoms.
Lower leg swelling, soreness, pain, redness, warmth, fever, and oedema.
, Paralytic ileus
Intestinal paralysis and peristalsis result in intestinal obstruction. The majority of
the causes are surgical procedures.
Signs and symptoms of paralytic ileus.
abdominal discomfort or soreness, cramps, loss of appetite, bloating, constipation,
nausea, oedema, and diarrhoea.
Paralytic ileus pathophysiology
When the SNS response is engaged, cytokines and inflammation limit bowel
motility, which slows peristalsis and causes faeces to become stuck.
Compartment Syndrome
Fluid enters a fixed-volume compartment, such as blood. Increased tissue and
venous pressure, which surpasses capillary perfusion pressure. Causes a shortage of
blood flow to the periphery and necrosis.
Compartment syndrome indications and symptoms
5 P's: pain, paresthesia, paralysis, pallor, and pulselessness.
Neurovascular examination
Assesses pulse rate, capillary refill, skin color, temperature, sensation, and motor
function. For those with musculoskeletal trauma to the extremities, post-operative,
plaster cast application, burns patients, symptoms of infection in the limb(s).
Atelectasis refers to a partial or full collapse of a lobe or the entire lung. Increased
mucous, post-operative anaesthesia and foreign body are the causes.
Atelectasis Pathophysiology
Reduced ventilation leads to airflow obstruction in the alveoli, which absorbs
trapped air into the bloodstream. This prevents air from entering the alveoli,
causing the lungs to collapse.
.
Atelectasis symptoms
Coughing, SOB, central cyanosis, wheezing, WOB, lower SpO2, increased CO2,
RR, HR
Deep vein thrombosis.
Blood clots are developing in deep veins. Caused by malignancy, lack of mobility,
surgery, and inflammation.
Deep vein thrombosis pathophysiology
Poor blood flow causes blood to pool in the periphery, triggering a clotting cascade.
Platelets and fibrin form the initial clot, resulting in lower oxygen levels and
increased haemoglobin concentration.
Deep vein thrombosis indications and symptoms.
Lower leg swelling, soreness, pain, redness, warmth, fever, and oedema.
, Paralytic ileus
Intestinal paralysis and peristalsis result in intestinal obstruction. The majority of
the causes are surgical procedures.
Signs and symptoms of paralytic ileus.
abdominal discomfort or soreness, cramps, loss of appetite, bloating, constipation,
nausea, oedema, and diarrhoea.
Paralytic ileus pathophysiology
When the SNS response is engaged, cytokines and inflammation limit bowel
motility, which slows peristalsis and causes faeces to become stuck.
Compartment Syndrome
Fluid enters a fixed-volume compartment, such as blood. Increased tissue and
venous pressure, which surpasses capillary perfusion pressure. Causes a shortage of
blood flow to the periphery and necrosis.
Compartment syndrome indications and symptoms
5 P's: pain, paresthesia, paralysis, pallor, and pulselessness.
Neurovascular examination
Assesses pulse rate, capillary refill, skin color, temperature, sensation, and motor
function. For those with musculoskeletal trauma to the extremities, post-operative,
plaster cast application, burns patients, symptoms of infection in the limb(s).
