Straighterline Microbiology exam questions and answers

Straighterline Microbiology exam questions and answers Louis Pasteur - ANSWERS Disproved spontaneous generation with his flask experiment. Invented pasteurization, or heating things to destroy microorganisms. Jablot, Redi, Schultz, and Schwann - ANSWERS Conducted experiments supporting the hypothesis of biogenesis. Atom - ANSWERS Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons, outer shells filled with protons. #electrons=#protons Hydrogen bond - ANSWERS Weak, results from attractive forces between molecules with polar covalent bonds. Not technically a bond, but super important. Acidic - ANSWERS low Ph, H+ Basic/Alkaline - ANSWERS high Ph, OHCarbohydrates - ANSWERS Sugars and polysaccharides. Serve as food storage (starch) and contribute to cell structural support (cellulose). Lipids - ANSWERS Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes. Hydrophobic. Chill in the cell membrane reinforcing cell structure. Poteins - ANSWERS Enzymes, antibodies. Four stages in formation. Made of amino acids Nucleic Acid - ANSWERS Cell programmers. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil. DNA - ANSWERS Double stranded. Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (deoxyribose) and nucleic acids (A-T, C-G) RNA - ANSWERS Single stranded. Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (ribose), and nucleic acid (A-U, C-G) ATP - ANSWERS Adenosine triphosphate. Adenine, ribose (pentose sugar), and three phosphates (PO4). "currency of the cell" Five I's of Microbe Culturing - ANSWERS Innoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification. Pathway of magnification - ANSWERS Light source-->condenser lens (focuses light)-->specimen-->objective lens (enlarged, real image)-->ocular lens (mirrored/ "virtual" image)-->eye Bacteria - ANSWERS cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosome(s), usually cell wall (with peptidoglycan), cytoskeleton, glycolax. monotrichous flagella - ANSWERS A subtype of polar flagella. A single flagella Lopotrichous flagella **lo·phot·ri·chous - ANSWERS Subtype of polar flagella, tufts of flagella emerging at the same site. Peritrichous Flagella **pe·rit·ri·chous** - ANSWERS flagella randomly dispersed all over cell Periplasmic Flagella/Axial Filaments - ANSWERS Enclosed in the space between cell wall and cell membrane. Twist to move the cell? It's all very confusing. Gram stain - ANSWERS crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin. G+ has thick peptidoglycan layer and stains 'blue', G- has inner and outer membrane and stains 'red'. They don't really, it's more like purple and pink. Mycoplasmas - ANSWERS naturally lack a cell wall Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) - ANSWERS present in G- cell walls, sometimes referred to as endotoxin because it stimulates shock reactions in human hosts. Enzymes - ANSWERS Catalyst macromolecules. Reusable. Provides reaction site for substrates. Protozoa - ANSWERS Generally microscopic single celled prokaryotes. Reproduce asexually and sexually during different parts of their life cycle. Endoplasm - ANSWERS Contains nucleus, mitochondria, and vacuoles. Interior of protozoan. Ectoplasm - ANSWERS Involved in feeling, protection, and locomotion. Exterior of protozoan. Mastigophora/Zoomastigophora - ANSWERS Motility: flagella and amoeboid. If sexual reproduction then by syngamy (division by longitudinal fission). Some parasitic and lacking mitochondria and golgi bodies. Many cyst forming. Trypanosoma, Trichomonas, Giardia. Sarcodina/Amoebas - ANSWERS Motility: pseudopods, sometimes flagella. Foraminifera and radiolarians responsible for chalk deposits in ocean. Entamoeba human parasite. Apicomplexa/Sporozoa - ANSWERS No motility. Complex life cycles. Sporozoites important in infection transmission. Thick walled zygotes called oocysts all parasitic. Plasmodium/malaria, Toxoplasmosis gondii/ toxoplasmosis. Ciliophora - ANSWERS Cilia for motility and feeding. Most develop cyst. Macronucleic and micronuclei. Have define mouth. Most are harmless. Energy of activation - ANSWERS The energy necessary to begin a chemical reaction. Overcome by heat, increase of reactants, or addition of catalyst. Apoenzyme/Simple enzyme - ANSWERS The protein part of an enzyme Metabolism - ANSWERS Anabolism utilizing ATP, catabolism resulting in energy stores, controls when processes occur. Enzymes - ANSWERS Catalyst macromolecules. Provides reaction sites for substrates. Can aid in reactions over and over again. Conjugated enzyme/holoenzyme - ANSWERS Enzyme and cofactors Serotype - ANSWERS Group of bacteria that stimulates a distinct antibody in the host. Chloroplasts - ANSWERS Photosynthetic, larger than mitochondria, 2 layer membrane, stacks of thylakoids are called grana, grana transport the chlorophyll or other pigment. Ribosomes - ANSWERS Staging area for protein synthesis, chains of ribosomes are called polysomes. Golgi body - ANSWERS Modifies and directs proteins, formed of several flattened disc shaped things. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANSWERS Rough ER: begins at nuclear envelope and goes through cytoplasm to cell membrane. Transports stuff between nucleus and membrane. Called "rough" because its covered in ribosomes. Smooth ER: nutrient processing/synthesis and storage of non-protein macromolecules. Mitosis Phases - ANSWERS Interphase: normal cell functions Prophase: chromosomes have coiled, centriole form fibers Metaphase: chromosomes align, membrane binding nucleus dissipates Anaphase: chromosomes split in half Teleophase: two separate cells form Nucleus - ANSWERS Contains nucleoplasm which holds unwound chromosomes, and the nucleolus, which holds/synthesizes the RNA. Nuclear Envelope - ANSWERS Separates nucleus from cytoplasm. Composed of two parallel membranes with pores for macromolecule sharing. Lysosome - ANSWERS Contains enzymes, digests stuff and defends cell from invading organisms