PSY 308 Final Exam | Questions, Answers and Rationales

PSY 308 Final Exam | Questions, Answers and Rationales In infants, strong dishabituation to "action at a distance" is interpreted as an expectation that a launching event A. is required for objects to act on each other. B. is required for social beings to act on each other. C. would not be required for either social beings or objects to act on each other. D. would not be required to move an object. It is thought that infants do not expect one object will influence another without touching it. To examine whether young children can consider thoughts of others, investigators began studying A. propositional thought. B. false beliefs. C. contrary predictions. D. the A-not-B error. Investigators examined false beliefs, or where the children believed another individual may look for an item that was moved when the observer was not present. The study by Johnson et al. (1998) found that infants treat furry objects that interact with them as A. nonsocial agents. B. social agents. C. objects to be feared. D. inanimate objects. Infants treated furry objects as social agents (not just moving objects), including looking where the object turned to "look." Which of the following statements is true? A. Newborns are not sensitive to social stimuli. B. Newborns show extreme distress if the parent leaves. C. Newborns do not seem to have specific bonds. D. Newborns show clear preferences for being around particular people. Infants first show specific bonds at around 6 to 7 months. Sol, a 9-month-old, is extremely distraught when his mother leaves the house. He cannot be consoled by his babysitter. This illustrates A. attachment distress. B. irritable temperament. C. separation anxiety. D. stranger fear. Sol is demonstrating a separation anxiety, which typically emerges at about 8 months. He demonstrates distress when his mother leaves and wants her to return Learning theorists viewed all of the following as strong potential influences on the quality of attachment EXCEPT: A. feeding schedules B. age of weaning C. drives of oral gratification D. form of feeding (bottle vs. breast) Freud believed that breastfeeding provided oral gratification and that this led to attachment. Learning theorists focused on how infants formed bonds to positively reinforcing stimuli. Dr. Love is interested in the functional role of attachment in the development of organisms. Dr. Love is a/an A. learning theorist. B. ethological theorist. C. cognitive developmental theorist. D. psychoanalytic theorist. Ethological theorists approach the bond between offspring and parents from an evolutionary and comparative perspective. They focus on the functional role of attachment in the development of organisms and groups of organisms Alden's mother takes him to visit a new friend's home. Alden is excitedly playing with toys but upon hearing a loud noise grows scared and crawls back to his mother. Ethological theorists would say Alden is using his mother as a/an A. secure base. B. protective center. C. shielding presence. D. safe harbor. Alden's mother serves as a secure base form which he could explore and return to when he felt threatened. Paula is 8 weeks old. She has just begun to use signals such as smiling to focus on specific people. According to Bowlby, Paula is in which phase? A. reciprocal relationships B. clear-cut attachment phase C. attachment-in-the-making phase D. preattachment phase Paula is in the attachment-in-the-making phase, which begins at around 6 weeks of age and is signaled by using smiles and cries to focus on specific. What hormone is known to produce increased feelings of trust and affection toward others? A. oxytocin B. estrogen C. progesterone D. dopamine Oxytocin is a hormone found in higher concentrations in mother's saliva as a consequence of seeing her infants smile. As a result, oxytocin is know to produce increased feelings of trust and affection towards others. Pedro's mother stops interacting with him and freezes her face for several seconds. Infant Pedro will most likely A. fail to respond to her when she starts interacting with him again B. not notice his mother's behavior has changed. C. show distress and start to disengage socially. D. start to disengage socially without showing distress. In the still-face paradigm, infants like Pedro will become distressed at the lack of responses and reciprocity in interacting with their mothers. Pedro is expecting his mother to attend to him in rhythmic patterns of give-and-take that characterize social interactions. Daniel looks at a ball on the floor and sees that his dad is also looking at the ball. This is an example of A. joint attention. B. social viewing. C. social referencing. D. visual triangulation. This is an examples of joint attention, which refers to the infant and another person, in this case the dad, attending to the same object or event. Naina participates in the Strange Situation with her mother. She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns, Naina stops crying and rushes to hug her mother. Naina would most likely be classified as demonstrating a/an A. insecure/avoidant attachment. B. secure attachment. C. insecure/resistant attachment. D. disorganized attachment. Secure infants show clear distress when their caregivers leave the room but are very happy when their caregivers return. Secure infants appear confident in the mother when she is present. Nandan participates in the Strange Situation with his father. He plays with lots of toys while his dad is in the room. Nandan keeps playing and does not seem upset when his father leaves. Nandan ignores his father when he returns and scurries off to play with another toy. Nandan would most likely be classified as showing A. insecure/ resistant attachment. B. insecure/avoidant attachment. C. secure attachment. D. disorganized attachment. Avoidant infants do not appear upset when the caregiver leaves. Avoidant infants tend to avoid or ignore the caregiver when he or she returns. Summer is pregnant and is expecting her first child. She is able to accurately perceive negative emotional states in her husband, mother, and father. Her sister, Amber, is also pregnant and expecting her first child. Amber is not accurate in perceiving negative emotional states in others. It is likely that A. Summer's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Amber's infant. B. Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show a secure attachment. C. Both Summer's and Amber's infants are likely to show an insecure attachment. D. Amber's infant will be more likely to show a secure attachment than Summer's infant. The less accurate the mother-to-be is at perceiving distress-related emotions, the likelier her infant is to show an insecure attachment. Thus, Amber's infant is more likely to demonstrate an insecure attachment. Mary-Lou is a newborn who cries longer, more frequently, and more intensely than other babies. Mary-Lou will be more likely to be classified later as having a _______ attachment. A. Type D: disorganized B. Type C: insecure/ resistant C. Type B: secure D. Type A: insecure/avoidant Newborns who cry more frequently and intensely are more likely to be later classified as type C (insecure/ resistant) infants. Infant temperament may contribute to attachment style. The majority of infants in all cultures demonstrate secure attachments with their parents; however, sometimes infant behaviors may differ by culture. For example, Japanese infants may appear to exhibit higher rates of ________ attachment than American infants. A. Anxious B. Avoidant C. Disorganized D. Disoriented Japanese infants may be more likely to demonstrate type C (anxious attachment) responses because they develop expectations that caregivers would always be immediately available and responsive. Magda grew up in a Romanian orphanage under conditions of severe social deprivation. Which of the following is most likely? A. The deprivation will only influence Magda's social development. B. Magda will demonstrate normal social and cognitive functioning. C. The deprivation will only influence Magda's cognitive development. D. Magda will demonstrate impaired social and cognitive development. Children who grew up in Romanian orphanages under conditions of severe social deprivation showed social impairment as they had difficulties forming normal social relationships. In addition, social deprivation can lead to a general disengagement from the world that may impair cognitive development. Natalia spent her first year in a Romanian orphanage before being adopted into a Canadian home. Her parents are worried because Natalia is sometimes overly friendly with strangers and other times she is inappropriately unfriendly. Natalia is demonstrating A. resistant attachment. B. disinhibited attachment. C. ambivalent attachment. D. anxious attachment. Romanian orphans like Natalia sometimes show disinhibited attachments, meaning they do not modulate their emotions well in social interactions, sometimes being overly friendly with strangers and other times being inappropriately unfriendly. A young rhesus monkey is put in a cage with a choice between a wire-frame "mother" and a mother covered in furry terry cloth. Which is most likely to occur? A. The monkey will ignore both "mothers" as they are not real. B. The monkey will show no preference and cling to both the wire-frame and terry-cloth mothers. C. The monkey will prefer the terry-cloth "mother." D. The monkey will prefer the wire-frame "mother." Harlow's studies showed monkeys formed strong bonds to the cloth "mother" suggesting the importance of contact and comfort. In infants, strong dishabituation to "action at a distance" is interpreted as an expectation that a launching event A. is required for objects to act on each other. B. is required for social beings to act on each other. C. would not be required for either social beings or objects to act on each other. D. would not be required to move an object. It is thought that infants do not expect one object will influence another without touching it. The study of how different people value traditions or traits would be consistent with the ___ perspective A. psychoanalytic B. cross-cultural C. neuroscience D. behaviorist The cross-cultural perspective emphasizes investigating the differences between peoples and cultures. A comparative perspective involves a psychologist looking at questions across A. cultures. B. stages of development. C. the lifespan. D. species. The comparative approach emphasizes looking at the differences and similarities that occur across species A student who is interested in reinforcement, punishment, and shaping is taking the _____ perspective. A. neuroscience B. evolutionary C. behaviorist D. comparative Reinforcement, punishment, and shaping behavior are all predominantly associated with the behaviorist approach. The ______ perspective emphasizes the workings of the unconscious mind. A. psychoanalytic B. comparative C. behaviorist D. cognitive science Freud's psychoanalytic approach focused on the unconscious mind. Dr. Campbell is interested in how infants represent, store, and use information. She likely identifies with the _________ perspective. A. psychoanalytic B. behaviorist C. cognitive science D. evolutionary Cognitive scientists are particularly interested in the storage and processing of information. A psychologist studying phenomena from the evolutionary perspective would do all of the following EXCEPT A. see how a trait emerged through natural selection. B. wait to see how a phenomenon changes over several years. C. use a variety of techniques to study the brain's growth. D. see how a behavior emerged through reinforcement. Evolutionary psychologists are interested in the emergence of traits over several generations through the process of natural selection and use many approaches to study this. The use of a variety of techniques like EEG and imaging to learn more about the brain, its growth, and its areas of specialization is associated with all of the following approaches EXCEPT the _____ approach. A. evolutionary B. psychoanalytic C. neuroscience D. cognitive science Neuroscientists and cognitive scientists are both interested in the neurobiological changes associated with development and study evolutionary adaptiveness of brain structures or functions. The ______ variable is the one manipulated by an experimenter. A. cross-cultural B. experimental C. dependent D. independent The independent variable is manipulated by an investigator in an experiment. The ______ variable is the one that is measured to see if changes occurred. A. experimental B. independent C. dependent D. observational Dependent variable is the variable that experimenters measure to see if it responded to changes in the independent variable. Dr. Zap has made sure his study is ecologically valid. This means his study has A. used multiple dependent variables to be sure of his findings. B. used a longitudinal design to follow children across time. C. strong controls in place to ensure scientific standards. D. been designed to approximate processes that would happen in the real world. Ecological validity is the degree to which the results of a study apply to normal circumstances in the real world. The institutional review board is tasked with reviewing A. child-rearing practices to be sure children are treated well. B. research studies to be sure they keep to their budgets. C. the milestones of child development in longitudinal studies. D. research studies to be sure they have minimal or no risk. A longitudinal study examines changes in A. the same individuals at one point in time. B. different groups across a long period of time. C. the same groups at one point in time. D. the same individuals across a long period of time. Longitudinal studies follow the same group of individuals (or the same groups of individuals) repeatedly over a long time. A cross-section study examines changes in A. one group at one point in time. B. one group for an extended period of time. C. different groups for an extended period of time. D. different groups at one point in time. Cross-sectional studies examine several groups at one instance in time. Reliability and validity are different because reliability is the extent to which a score on a test A. represents that phenomena. B. is consistent. C. is actually measuring what the test is supposed to. D. is ecological. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores on a test (e.g., if you gave an IQ test and got one score, a reliable test would give a very similar IQ score for that person if you re-administered it 1 week later). Validity is the degree to which A. a study is consistent. B. two observers agree on their data. C. what you measure is what you intend to measure. D. what you score now is close to what you scored before. Validity refers to the extent to which what you measure by using a test is what you intend to measure. If a child participated in all of a study's conditions, then that experimenter is probably using a/an ______ design. A. ecological B. between-subjects C. test-retest D. within-subjects A within-subjects design allows an experimenter to compare a participant's responses to each experimental condition, instead of having to compare separate groups who were only in certain conditions. A treatment study that compares how children randomly assigned to undergo one of two different treatment options respond to their treatments by examining their post-treatment scores is using a/an _________ design. A. between-subjects B. interrater C. test-retest D. within-subjects Two or more different groups are being compared. The empiricist and nativist perspectives differ because empiricists believe that A. there are certain biological structures that are specialized for learning. B. we begin life with no biases toward learning any particular information. C. there are modules which predispose one to have an advantage in learning. D. we begin life with certain biases toward learning certain types of information. Empiricists do not believe there is any inborn bias toward acquiring a particular type of knowledge or learning. The earliest stage of development is actually the A. preschool period. B. perinatal period. C. prenatal period. D. infancy period. A significant amount of development actually occurs before a human is even born. Nadia resembles her mother physically. She is tall with dark hair and blue eyes. These directly observable characteristics are called A. genotype. B. phenotype. C. autosomy. D. zygosity. Phenotype refers to the ways genetic information is expressed in an organism. Nadia has inherited these characteristics from her mother. Joceyln has wavy hair. She has received one allele for curly hair and one allele for straight hair. There is a blending of both of these traits resulting in her wavy hair. This is an example of A. heterozygosity. B. codominance. C. polygenic inheritance. D. joint alleles. Jocelyn is heterozygous and both alleles are expressed simultaneously, which is referred to as codominance Which of the following is NOT seen in mitosis? A. duplicated chromosomes B. segregation into single chromosomes C. DNA replication D. crossing-over Mitosis is the process in which cell division occurs and the chromosomes from both parents are copied and appear in all new cells. Crossing-over occurs in meiosis, a special kind of cell division that produces egg and sperm cells. Given that Molly and Maddy are fraternal twins, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Their twinning was the result of the fertilized egg splitting into two separate cells. B. Molly and Maddy have half their genes in common. C. Molly and Maddy are as genetically similar on average as any two non-twin siblings. D. Their conceptions involved genetically different sperms and eggs. In fraternal (dizygotic) twins, two different sperm fertilize two different eggs. In identical (monozygotic) twins, the fertilized egg splits into two separate cells. Malcolm has Down syndrome. Which of the following traits/ conditions would Malcolm be unlikely to exhibit? A. high risk for certain heart defects B. cognitive delays C. webbed skin at the neck D. distinctive facial features Webbed skin at the neck is associated with Turner syndrome and not Down syndrome. Cognitive delays, distinctive facial features, and increased risk for heart defects are all associated with Down syndrome. Joanna is in her second trimester of pregnancy. At this point, her developing child is referred to as a/an A. embryo. B. blastocyst. C. fetus. D. neonate. From the ninth week until birth, the growing human organism is referred to as the fetus. The blastocyst's innermost layer, the endoderm, will develop into structures including A. the thyroid gland. B. the skeleton. C. the muscles. D. the nervous system. The blastocyst's innermost cell layer, the endoderm, develops into some of the glands including the thyroid gland. _________ branch out from the cell body of neurons and have receptors that receive chemical signals from other neurons. A. Dendrites B. Axons C. Axon terminals D. Basal ganglia Dendrites branch out from the neuron's cell body and have receptors that receive chemical signals from other neurons. Axons conduct electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding neuronal migration? A. Some migration occurs in adult human brains. B. Most migration happens before birth or around the time of birth. C. Nerve cells appear to migrate by following the paths laid down by certain radial glial cells that serve as guides. D. New nerve cells develop at the outer regions of the brain.