CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
How do children develop a sense of their gender identity and how does their
understanding of gender change over time? - Answer-- 3 years of age, associate self
with gender
- 5 years believe gender stays the same
Be able to talk about both the cognitive-developmental theory and social-learning theory
of gender role development. - Answer-- Kohlberg's Cognitive-Developmental Theory:
Child notices physical and behavioral cues, then identifies themselves. Three Stages
are Gender Identity (2-3), Gender Stability (4-5), Gender Constancy (5-7)
- Two Ways: Watch & Imitate behavior of others (Parent) or Receive Awards or
punishments for gender behavior (Parent, Sibling, Teacher, Coach)
To what extent and in what areas are their gender differences in children's behavior and
development? - Answer-- Agression: Boys more
- Activity Level: Boys more
- Friendships: Boys more big groups
- Academics: Boys = math, Girls = English
- Anxiety and Depression: Girls more
What is gender constancy and what is necessary for children to have it? - Answer-The
ability to understand gender won't change with superficial changes. Have to have
gender identity, gender stability, and gender consistency
What does the research suggest about when children should be allowed to transition
genders, if they want to? What does the research say about gender understanding
among children who are transgender? - Answer--Transition younger. Better mental
health.
-Transgender children believe gender is more fluid
What is the classic way that self-recognition has been assessed among young children?
When do children show signs of self-recognition? What helps children develop self-
awareness? - Answer-- Assessed via Mirror Self-Recognition
- Usually around 18 months to 2 years
- Sensitive care-givers and Joint attention
What is theory of mind? How is it assessed and when do children show signs of it? -
Answer-- Ability to differentiate the beliefs of others and yourself
- Assessed by false-belief tasks (Sally-Anne task and 3 mountains Task)
- Show signs around 3-4 years
, How do children's self-concepts change over time? - Answer-- Early Childhood:
observable characteristics
- Middle Childhood: personality traits and competencies
- Adolescence: Wider array of traits, differentiated self
How does self-esteem change across development? What are the reasons for these
changes? - Answer-- Preschool: High (No social comparisons)
- Middle Childhood: Lower (Social Comparisons in 4 areas; sports, appearance, social,
academics)
- Adolescence: Low, then High ( Physical Changes, school transition) and cognitive
changes
What does the research say about gender and racial group differences in self-esteem? -
Answer-- Gender: not much
- Race: African-Americans have higher self-esteems
What are the different stages of identity development? - Answer-- Identity Diffusion (no
goals), Identity Foreclosure (goals of others, no commitment), Identity Moratorium
(exploring own goals), Identity Achievement (your goals and committed)
How do children change in their emotion expression? Be able to describe their
development regarding each of the basic emotions we talked about (happiness,
sadness, etc.) - Answer-- Happiness: First social smile around 6-10 weeks, laugh at 3-4
months
- Sad/Anger: 4-6 months show increase in anger
- Fear: First around 6 months, peaks at 18 months
What are the self-conscious emotions and when do they first appear? How do children
learn to feel these emotions? - Answer-- Embarrassment, Guilt, Pride, Shame
- Show up around 18-24 months
- Learned through parent instruction and school age
What is meant by emotional self-regulation and how does it change from infancy until
adolescence? - Answer-- How to control the intensity and duration of emotions
- Infancy: limited ability
- Toddlerhood: increase in cognitive and motor skill
- Preschool: model adults
- Middle childhood: Problem Centered Coping and Emotion-Centered
What are emotional display rules and when would children use them? - Answer-- When,
where, how it is appropriate to express emotions
- To achieve social harmony
How do young children show that they are trying to understand and respond to other's
emotions? How is the still-faced paradigm used to assess this? - Answer-- Social
Referencing: Try to get emotions out of other people based on their emotions (laughing)
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
How do children develop a sense of their gender identity and how does their
understanding of gender change over time? - Answer-- 3 years of age, associate self
with gender
- 5 years believe gender stays the same
Be able to talk about both the cognitive-developmental theory and social-learning theory
of gender role development. - Answer-- Kohlberg's Cognitive-Developmental Theory:
Child notices physical and behavioral cues, then identifies themselves. Three Stages
are Gender Identity (2-3), Gender Stability (4-5), Gender Constancy (5-7)
- Two Ways: Watch & Imitate behavior of others (Parent) or Receive Awards or
punishments for gender behavior (Parent, Sibling, Teacher, Coach)
To what extent and in what areas are their gender differences in children's behavior and
development? - Answer-- Agression: Boys more
- Activity Level: Boys more
- Friendships: Boys more big groups
- Academics: Boys = math, Girls = English
- Anxiety and Depression: Girls more
What is gender constancy and what is necessary for children to have it? - Answer-The
ability to understand gender won't change with superficial changes. Have to have
gender identity, gender stability, and gender consistency
What does the research suggest about when children should be allowed to transition
genders, if they want to? What does the research say about gender understanding
among children who are transgender? - Answer--Transition younger. Better mental
health.
-Transgender children believe gender is more fluid
What is the classic way that self-recognition has been assessed among young children?
When do children show signs of self-recognition? What helps children develop self-
awareness? - Answer-- Assessed via Mirror Self-Recognition
- Usually around 18 months to 2 years
- Sensitive care-givers and Joint attention
What is theory of mind? How is it assessed and when do children show signs of it? -
Answer-- Ability to differentiate the beliefs of others and yourself
- Assessed by false-belief tasks (Sally-Anne task and 3 mountains Task)
- Show signs around 3-4 years
, How do children's self-concepts change over time? - Answer-- Early Childhood:
observable characteristics
- Middle Childhood: personality traits and competencies
- Adolescence: Wider array of traits, differentiated self
How does self-esteem change across development? What are the reasons for these
changes? - Answer-- Preschool: High (No social comparisons)
- Middle Childhood: Lower (Social Comparisons in 4 areas; sports, appearance, social,
academics)
- Adolescence: Low, then High ( Physical Changes, school transition) and cognitive
changes
What does the research say about gender and racial group differences in self-esteem? -
Answer-- Gender: not much
- Race: African-Americans have higher self-esteems
What are the different stages of identity development? - Answer-- Identity Diffusion (no
goals), Identity Foreclosure (goals of others, no commitment), Identity Moratorium
(exploring own goals), Identity Achievement (your goals and committed)
How do children change in their emotion expression? Be able to describe their
development regarding each of the basic emotions we talked about (happiness,
sadness, etc.) - Answer-- Happiness: First social smile around 6-10 weeks, laugh at 3-4
months
- Sad/Anger: 4-6 months show increase in anger
- Fear: First around 6 months, peaks at 18 months
What are the self-conscious emotions and when do they first appear? How do children
learn to feel these emotions? - Answer-- Embarrassment, Guilt, Pride, Shame
- Show up around 18-24 months
- Learned through parent instruction and school age
What is meant by emotional self-regulation and how does it change from infancy until
adolescence? - Answer-- How to control the intensity and duration of emotions
- Infancy: limited ability
- Toddlerhood: increase in cognitive and motor skill
- Preschool: model adults
- Middle childhood: Problem Centered Coping and Emotion-Centered
What are emotional display rules and when would children use them? - Answer-- When,
where, how it is appropriate to express emotions
- To achieve social harmony
How do young children show that they are trying to understand and respond to other's
emotions? How is the still-faced paradigm used to assess this? - Answer-- Social
Referencing: Try to get emotions out of other people based on their emotions (laughing)
