Instructor Manual: William McEachern and Veronika Dolar, ECON Micro, 7th Edition by, 2025, 9780357902004; Chapter 1: The Art and
Science of Economic Analysis
Instructor Manual FOR
William McEachern and Veronika Dolar, ECON Micro, 7th Edition by, 2025, 9780357902004;
Chapter 1: The Art and Science of Economic Analysis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Key Terms.................................................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Outline .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Answers to End of Chapter Questions .................................................................................................... 10
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 1
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: William McEachern and Veronika Dolar, ECON Micro, 7th Edition by, 2025, 9780357902004; Chapter 1: The Art and
Science of Economic Analysis
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
This chapter has two purposes: to introduce students to some of the basic language of economics and to
stimulate student interest in the subject. It conveys to students that economics not only is found on
financial news websites, but also is very much a part of their everyday lives. Beginning with the
economic problem of scarce resources but unlimited wants, this chapter provides an overview of the field
and the analytical techniques used. Concepts introduced include resources, goods and services, the
economic decision makers in the economy, and marginal analysis. Two models for analysis, the circular
flow model and steps of the scientific method, are introduced. The appendix introduces the use of graphs.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
1.1 Explain how scarcity drives economic decision-making for individuals, businesses, and
governments.
1.2 Contrast macroeconomic concepts versus microeconomic concepts.
1.3 Explain the importance of the other things constant (ceteris paribus) assumption in economic
theory and models.
1.4 Distinguish between positive and normative economic analysis.
1.5 Using the circular flow model, illustrate how real-world economic transactions and interactions
are represented within the model.
1.6 Identify pitfalls of economic analysis in real-life instances such as the fallacy of association-is-
causation, the fallacy of composition, and the mistake of disregarding secondary effects.
[return to top]
KEY TERMS
Scarcity: A condition that arises from the conflict between unlimited human wants and the limited
resources available to fulfill those wants.
Economics: A social science that studies how individuals, businesses, governments, and societies allocate
scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants and needs.
Microeconomics: The study of the economic behavior in individual markets, industries, or sectors, such
as that for computers or unskilled labor.
Macroeconomics: The study of the economic behavior of entire economies, as measured, for example, by
total production and employment.
Economic theory or economic model: A simplification of reality used to make conjectures about cause
and effect in the real world.
Scientific method: A systematic approach scientists use to study and understand the world through
observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion drawing.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 2
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: William McEachern and Veronika Dolar, ECON Micro, 7th Edition by, 2025, 9780357902004; Chapter 1: The Art and
Science of Economic Analysis
Variable: A measure or a quantity that can take on different values or levels and is used to represent
economic concepts or phenomena.
Other-things-constant assumption: The assumption, when focusing on the relation among key
economic variables, that other variables remain unchanged; in Latin, ceteris paribus.
Behavioral assumptions: An assumption that describes the expected behavior of economic decision
makers—what motivates them.
Hypothesis: A theory about how key variables relate.
Positive economic statement: A statement that can be proved or disproved by reference to facts.
Normative economic statement: A statement that reflects an opinion, which cannot be proved or
disproved by reference to the facts.
Circular flow model: A diagram that traces the flow of resources, products, income, and revenue among
economic decision makers.
Resources: The inputs, or factors of production, used to produce the goods and services that people want;
consists of labor, capital, human capital, and material resources.
Labor: The physical and mental effort used to produce goods and services.
Capital: The buildings, equipment, tools, utensils, appliances, and machinery used to produce goods and
services.
Human capital: The knowledge, skills, abilities, and other attributes that individuals possess, which can
be used to produce goods and services and generate economic value.
Entrepreneurial ability: The imagination required to develop a new product or process, the skill needed
to organize production, and the willingness to take the risk of profit or loss.
Entrepreneur: A profit-seeking decision maker who starts with an idea, organizes an enterprise to bring
that idea to life, and assumes the risk of the operation.
Natural resources: All gifts of nature used to produce goods and services; includes renewable and
exhaustible resources.
Good: A tangible product used to satisfy human wants.
Service: An activity, or intangible product, used to satisfy human wants.
Wages: Payment to resource owners for their labor.
Interest: Payment to resource owners for the use of their capital.
Rent: Payment to resource owners for the use of their natural resources.
Profit: Reward for entrepreneurial ability; sales revenue minus resource cost.
Market: A set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers carry out exchange at mutually agreeable
terms.
Product market: A market in which a good or service is bought and sold.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 3
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: William McEachern and Veronika Dolar, ECON Micro, 7th Edition by, 2025, 9780357902004; Chapter 1: The Art and
Science of Economic Analysis
Resource market: A market in which a resource is bought and sold.
Rational self-interest: Each individual tries to maximize the expected benefit achieved with a given cost
or to minimize the expected cost of achieving a given benefit.
Marginal: Incremental, additional, or extra; used to describe a change in an economic variable.
Association-is-causation fallacy: The incorrect idea that if two variables are associated or correlated in
time, one must necessarily cause the other.
Fallacy of composition: The incorrect belief that what is true for the individual, or part, must necessarily
be true for the group, or the whole.
Secondary effects: Unintended consequences of economic actions that may develop slowly over time as
people react to events.
Origin: On a graph depicting two-dimensional space, the zero point.
Horizontal axis: Line on a graph that begins at the origin and goes to the right and left; sometimes called
the x-axis.
Vertical axis: Line on a graph that begins at the origin and goes up and down; sometimes called the y-
axis.
Graph: A picture showing how variables relate in two-dimensional space; one variable is measured along
the horizontal axis and the other along the vertical axis.
Dependent variable: A variable whose value depends on that of the independent variable.
Independent variable: A variable whose value determines that of the dependent variable.
Positive relation (direct relation): It occurs when two variables increase or decrease together; the two
variables move in the same direction.
Negative relation inverse (relation): It occurs when two variables move in opposite directions; when
one increases, the other decreases.
Slope of a line: A measure of how much the vertical variable changes for a given change in the horizontal
variable; the vertical change between two points divided by the horizontal change.
Tangent: a straight line that touches a curve at a point but does not cut or cross the curve; used to
measure the slope of a curve at a point.
[return to top]
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The following outline organizes content (including any activities in the PowerPoints) by topic and
learning objective.
I. Chapter Objectives (PPT Slides 2–3)
II. What Is Economics? (LO 1.1, LO 1.2; PPT Slides 5–7)
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 4
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Science of Economic Analysis
Instructor Manual FOR
William McEachern and Veronika Dolar, ECON Micro, 7th Edition by, 2025, 9780357902004;
Chapter 1: The Art and Science of Economic Analysis
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Key Terms.................................................................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Outline .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Answers to End of Chapter Questions .................................................................................................... 10
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 1
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: William McEachern and Veronika Dolar, ECON Micro, 7th Edition by, 2025, 9780357902004; Chapter 1: The Art and
Science of Economic Analysis
PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
This chapter has two purposes: to introduce students to some of the basic language of economics and to
stimulate student interest in the subject. It conveys to students that economics not only is found on
financial news websites, but also is very much a part of their everyday lives. Beginning with the
economic problem of scarce resources but unlimited wants, this chapter provides an overview of the field
and the analytical techniques used. Concepts introduced include resources, goods and services, the
economic decision makers in the economy, and marginal analysis. Two models for analysis, the circular
flow model and steps of the scientific method, are introduced. The appendix introduces the use of graphs.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
1.1 Explain how scarcity drives economic decision-making for individuals, businesses, and
governments.
1.2 Contrast macroeconomic concepts versus microeconomic concepts.
1.3 Explain the importance of the other things constant (ceteris paribus) assumption in economic
theory and models.
1.4 Distinguish between positive and normative economic analysis.
1.5 Using the circular flow model, illustrate how real-world economic transactions and interactions
are represented within the model.
1.6 Identify pitfalls of economic analysis in real-life instances such as the fallacy of association-is-
causation, the fallacy of composition, and the mistake of disregarding secondary effects.
[return to top]
KEY TERMS
Scarcity: A condition that arises from the conflict between unlimited human wants and the limited
resources available to fulfill those wants.
Economics: A social science that studies how individuals, businesses, governments, and societies allocate
scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants and needs.
Microeconomics: The study of the economic behavior in individual markets, industries, or sectors, such
as that for computers or unskilled labor.
Macroeconomics: The study of the economic behavior of entire economies, as measured, for example, by
total production and employment.
Economic theory or economic model: A simplification of reality used to make conjectures about cause
and effect in the real world.
Scientific method: A systematic approach scientists use to study and understand the world through
observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion drawing.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 2
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: William McEachern and Veronika Dolar, ECON Micro, 7th Edition by, 2025, 9780357902004; Chapter 1: The Art and
Science of Economic Analysis
Variable: A measure or a quantity that can take on different values or levels and is used to represent
economic concepts or phenomena.
Other-things-constant assumption: The assumption, when focusing on the relation among key
economic variables, that other variables remain unchanged; in Latin, ceteris paribus.
Behavioral assumptions: An assumption that describes the expected behavior of economic decision
makers—what motivates them.
Hypothesis: A theory about how key variables relate.
Positive economic statement: A statement that can be proved or disproved by reference to facts.
Normative economic statement: A statement that reflects an opinion, which cannot be proved or
disproved by reference to the facts.
Circular flow model: A diagram that traces the flow of resources, products, income, and revenue among
economic decision makers.
Resources: The inputs, or factors of production, used to produce the goods and services that people want;
consists of labor, capital, human capital, and material resources.
Labor: The physical and mental effort used to produce goods and services.
Capital: The buildings, equipment, tools, utensils, appliances, and machinery used to produce goods and
services.
Human capital: The knowledge, skills, abilities, and other attributes that individuals possess, which can
be used to produce goods and services and generate economic value.
Entrepreneurial ability: The imagination required to develop a new product or process, the skill needed
to organize production, and the willingness to take the risk of profit or loss.
Entrepreneur: A profit-seeking decision maker who starts with an idea, organizes an enterprise to bring
that idea to life, and assumes the risk of the operation.
Natural resources: All gifts of nature used to produce goods and services; includes renewable and
exhaustible resources.
Good: A tangible product used to satisfy human wants.
Service: An activity, or intangible product, used to satisfy human wants.
Wages: Payment to resource owners for their labor.
Interest: Payment to resource owners for the use of their capital.
Rent: Payment to resource owners for the use of their natural resources.
Profit: Reward for entrepreneurial ability; sales revenue minus resource cost.
Market: A set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers carry out exchange at mutually agreeable
terms.
Product market: A market in which a good or service is bought and sold.
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 3
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: William McEachern and Veronika Dolar, ECON Micro, 7th Edition by, 2025, 9780357902004; Chapter 1: The Art and
Science of Economic Analysis
Resource market: A market in which a resource is bought and sold.
Rational self-interest: Each individual tries to maximize the expected benefit achieved with a given cost
or to minimize the expected cost of achieving a given benefit.
Marginal: Incremental, additional, or extra; used to describe a change in an economic variable.
Association-is-causation fallacy: The incorrect idea that if two variables are associated or correlated in
time, one must necessarily cause the other.
Fallacy of composition: The incorrect belief that what is true for the individual, or part, must necessarily
be true for the group, or the whole.
Secondary effects: Unintended consequences of economic actions that may develop slowly over time as
people react to events.
Origin: On a graph depicting two-dimensional space, the zero point.
Horizontal axis: Line on a graph that begins at the origin and goes to the right and left; sometimes called
the x-axis.
Vertical axis: Line on a graph that begins at the origin and goes up and down; sometimes called the y-
axis.
Graph: A picture showing how variables relate in two-dimensional space; one variable is measured along
the horizontal axis and the other along the vertical axis.
Dependent variable: A variable whose value depends on that of the independent variable.
Independent variable: A variable whose value determines that of the dependent variable.
Positive relation (direct relation): It occurs when two variables increase or decrease together; the two
variables move in the same direction.
Negative relation inverse (relation): It occurs when two variables move in opposite directions; when
one increases, the other decreases.
Slope of a line: A measure of how much the vertical variable changes for a given change in the horizontal
variable; the vertical change between two points divided by the horizontal change.
Tangent: a straight line that touches a curve at a point but does not cut or cross the curve; used to
measure the slope of a curve at a point.
[return to top]
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The following outline organizes content (including any activities in the PowerPoints) by topic and
learning objective.
I. Chapter Objectives (PPT Slides 2–3)
II. What Is Economics? (LO 1.1, LO 1.2; PPT Slides 5–7)
© 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 4
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
