WGU Psych D094 Objective Assessment Study Guide (Qs and As) Download To Score An A (Latest Update)

WGU Psych D094 Objective Assessment Study Guide (Qs and As) Download To Score An A (Latest Update) Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages: 1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years): o Involves motor activity and the development of object permanence. 2. Pre-operational Stage (2 to 7 years): o Development of language, memory, and imagination; thinking symbolically. 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years): o Logical thinking about concrete events; understanding the concept of conservation. 4. Formal Operational Stage (Adolescence to Adulthood): o Abstract and hypothetical thinking; ability to use deductive reasoning. Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy): o Infants learn trust when basic needs are met. 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood): o Toddlers develop independence if they are encouraged; doubt if they are overly criticized. 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age): o Children assert control and power over their environment; develop initiative or feel guilt over efforts to exert independence. 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age): o Children work to master skills and develop a sense of competence or feel inferior if unsuccessful. 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): o Teens explore different identities; develop a stable sense of self or face confusion about their role in life. 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood): o Adults seek intimate relationships or risk feeling isolated and alone. Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: • Emphasizes the role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development. Key concept: Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) — the difference between what a child can do independently and with guidance. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory: • Behavior is influenced by the interaction of personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior itself. Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: 1. Preconventional: Morality is shaped by consequences and rewards. 2. Conventional: Morality is based on social rules and laws. 3. Postconventional: Morality is guided by abstract ethical principles. Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development: • Proposes a different path for moral development in women, emphasizing care and relationships over abstract principles of justice. Chomsky's Language Theory: • Proposes an inborn ability to learn language, suggesting that language acquisition is a natural biological process. Skinner's Language Theory: • Language learning is shaped by reinforcement, imitation, and association. Behaviorist Theory: • Learning is a result of associations formed between stimuli and responses through conditioning. Cognitivist Theory: • Focuses on how the human mind processes, stores, and retrieves information. Humanistic Theory: • Emphasizes human dignity, personal choice, and self-worth, focusing on the whole person. Constructivist Theory: • Suggests that learning is an active, constructive process where learners build new ideas or concepts based on their current/past knowledge. Learning Strategies: • Cooperative Learning: Small groups working together toward common goals. • Collaborative Learning: Students working in groups to discuss and solve problems.