HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide with 100% Correct Answers

HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide with 100% Correct Answers Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - Answer️️ -Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - Answer️️ - Monocytes and neutrophils Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - Answer️️ -Macrophages and neutrophils Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - Answer️️ - Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) - Answer️️ -Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - Answer️️ -Mast cell Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? - Answer️️ -Adhesion molecules ©SOPHIABENNET@ Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM 2 E-Selectin - Answer️️ -An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction) E-Selectin Ligand - Answer️️ -A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response ICAM-1 - Answer️️ -An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction) Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - Answer️️ -A class of adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response Stable Arrest - Answer️️ -When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue Pus - Answer️️ -Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils) Psoriasis overview - Answer️️ -Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response Psoriasis risk factors - Answer️️ -History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with psoriasis ©SOPHIABENNET@ Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM 3 TNF-alpha in psoriasis - Answer️️ -A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - Answer️️ -Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - Answer️️ -Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue Most abundant leukocyte - Answer️️ -Neutrophils What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? - Answer️️ -Extracellular bacterial infections Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - Answer️️ -A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type 1 interferons Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them - Answer️️ -Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells The Antiviral State - Answer️️ -Protective state that cells enter in response to Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced, infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced ©SOPHIABENNET@ Friday, August 23, 2024 10:49 AM 4 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - Answer️️ -Molecules that are commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs - Answer️️ -Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell wall, flagellin Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs - Answer️️ -Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan in cell wall, flagellin Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - Answer️️ -Receptors that bind to PAMPs and activate an immune response; important in innate immunity Toll-like receptors (TLRs) - Answer️️ -A group of pattern recognition receptors; can be located on immune cell surface or within the cell on the endosomal membrane Viral PAMPs - Answer️️ -Nucleic acids What happens when pattern recognition receptors or toll