NURS 231 Portage Learning
Pathophysiology Module Exam 2 Questions
& Answers
neoplasia n- nANS-disorder nof naltered ncell ndifferentiation nand ngrowth
neoplasm n- nANS-the nnew ngrowth nthat noccurs nas na nresult nof nneoplasia
proliferation n- nANS---process nof nincreasing ncell nnumbers nby nmitotic ncell ndivision
differentiation n- nANS-process nin nwhich ncells nbecome nmore nspecialized nwith neach
nmitotic ndivision
cell ncycle n(figure n2.1) n- nANS-G1 n(first ngrowth nphase)
S n(DNA nsynthesis nphase)
to nG2 n(second ngrowth nphase)
M n(mitosis).
G1 n- nANS-(gap n1)
--DNA nsynthesis nstops
--cell nenlarges
--both nRNA nand nprotein nsynthesis nbegin
S nphase n- nANS---DNA nsynthesis noccurs
--produces ntwo nseparate nsets nof nchromosomes, none nfor neach ndaughter ncell.
G2 n- nANS-(gap n2)
--DNA nsynthesis nagain nstops
--RNA/protein nsynthesis ncontinues
--first nthree n(G1, nS, nG2) nphases nare nreferred nto nas ninterphase
checkpoints n- nANS---Located nat nthe nend nof neach nof nthese nphases n(G1, nS-phase,
nand nG2)
--means nof nmolecular nsurveillance nused nto nensure nthe ncell nis nready nto nproceed nto
nthe nnext nphase
--if nnot, nthe ncycle nis nhalted nand nallowed nto ncomplete nits nreplication nor neven nrepair
nany nDNA ndamage n(when ndetected), nthereby nensuring nall nthe ngenetic ninformation
nis npassed non ncorrectly.
, M nphase n- nANS---consists nof nmitosis n(dividing nup nthe nDNA) nand ncytoplasmic
ndivision
--continually ndividing ncells, nlike nthe nskin's nsquamous nepithelium, ncontinue nto ncycle
nfrom none nmitotic ndivision nto nthe nnext, nwhile nsome ncells ngo ninto na nresting nstate
nknown nas nG0. n
--A nresting nphase n(G0) nmay noccur nwhen nnutrients nor ngrowth nfactors nare
nunavailable nor nwhen nhighly nspecialized ncells nfirst nleave nthe ncell ncycle. nCells nin
nG0 nmay nthen nre-enter nthe ncell ncycle nwhen nnutrients nbecome navailable, nor nthe
ncell nreceives nstimuli nvia ngrowth nfactors, nhormones, nor nother nsignals nthat ntrigger
ncell ngrowth, nsuch nas nblood nloss nor ntissue ninjury. n
--Notably, nhighly nspecialized nand nterminally ndifferentiated ncells, nlike nneurons, nmay
npermanently nstay nin nG0.
3 nmain ngroups nof ncells nthat nproliferate n- nANS-(1) nwell-differentiated nneurons nand
ncells nof nskeletal nand ncardiac nmuscles nthat nrarely ndivide nand nreproduce
(2) nprogenitor nor nparent ncells nthat ncontinue nto ndivide nand nreproduce, nlike nblood,
nskin, nand nliver ncells
(3) nundifferentiated nstem ncells nthat ncan nenter nthe ncell ncycle nand nproduce nlarge
nnumber nof nprogenitor ncells nif nneeded.
What nare nprogenitor ncells? n- nANS---the nmore nspecialized ncells nare nunable nto
ndivide, nso nthey nrely non nprogenitor nor nparent ncells nof nthe nsame nlineage nthat nhave
nnot nyet ndifferentiated nto nthe nextent nthat nthey nhave nlost ntheir nability nto ndivide
--they nhave nenough ndifferentiation nso nthe ndaughter ncells nare nlimited nto nthe nsame
ncell nline, nbut nnot nquite ndifferentiated nenough nto nprohibit nactive nproliferation
benefits nof nthe nstem ncell n- nANS---remain ndormant nuntil nthey nare nneeded
--When nneeded, nthey ncan ndivide, nproduce nother nstem ncells, nand ncarry nout nthe
nfunctions nof nthe ndifferentiated ncell. n
--Self-renewal: nthe nstem ncell ncan nundergo nnumerous nmitotic ndivisions nwhile
nmaintaining nan nundifferentiated nstate
--Potency: ndescribes nthe ndifferentiation npotential nof nstem ncells
Know nthe ndifference nin nterminology nof nbenign nand nmalignant ntumors naccording nto
ntissue ntypes. nRefer nto ntable n2.2. n- nANS-Tumors nare ntypically nnamed nby nadding
nthe nsuffix n-oma nto nthe ntissue ntype nfrom nwhich nthe ngrowth noriginates. nCarcin n=
ncancerous nor nmalignant
polyp n- nANS---growth nthat nprojects nfrom na nmucosal nsurface, nsuch nas nthe nintestine
--can nbe nbenign nor nmalignant.
characteristics nof nbenign nneoplasms n- nANS---cell ncharacteristics: nwell-differentiated
ncells nthat nresemble ncells nin nthe ntissue nof norigin
--rate nof ngrowth: nprogressive nand nslow; nmay nstop nor nregress
Pathophysiology Module Exam 2 Questions
& Answers
neoplasia n- nANS-disorder nof naltered ncell ndifferentiation nand ngrowth
neoplasm n- nANS-the nnew ngrowth nthat noccurs nas na nresult nof nneoplasia
proliferation n- nANS---process nof nincreasing ncell nnumbers nby nmitotic ncell ndivision
differentiation n- nANS-process nin nwhich ncells nbecome nmore nspecialized nwith neach
nmitotic ndivision
cell ncycle n(figure n2.1) n- nANS-G1 n(first ngrowth nphase)
S n(DNA nsynthesis nphase)
to nG2 n(second ngrowth nphase)
M n(mitosis).
G1 n- nANS-(gap n1)
--DNA nsynthesis nstops
--cell nenlarges
--both nRNA nand nprotein nsynthesis nbegin
S nphase n- nANS---DNA nsynthesis noccurs
--produces ntwo nseparate nsets nof nchromosomes, none nfor neach ndaughter ncell.
G2 n- nANS-(gap n2)
--DNA nsynthesis nagain nstops
--RNA/protein nsynthesis ncontinues
--first nthree n(G1, nS, nG2) nphases nare nreferred nto nas ninterphase
checkpoints n- nANS---Located nat nthe nend nof neach nof nthese nphases n(G1, nS-phase,
nand nG2)
--means nof nmolecular nsurveillance nused nto nensure nthe ncell nis nready nto nproceed nto
nthe nnext nphase
--if nnot, nthe ncycle nis nhalted nand nallowed nto ncomplete nits nreplication nor neven nrepair
nany nDNA ndamage n(when ndetected), nthereby nensuring nall nthe ngenetic ninformation
nis npassed non ncorrectly.
, M nphase n- nANS---consists nof nmitosis n(dividing nup nthe nDNA) nand ncytoplasmic
ndivision
--continually ndividing ncells, nlike nthe nskin's nsquamous nepithelium, ncontinue nto ncycle
nfrom none nmitotic ndivision nto nthe nnext, nwhile nsome ncells ngo ninto na nresting nstate
nknown nas nG0. n
--A nresting nphase n(G0) nmay noccur nwhen nnutrients nor ngrowth nfactors nare
nunavailable nor nwhen nhighly nspecialized ncells nfirst nleave nthe ncell ncycle. nCells nin
nG0 nmay nthen nre-enter nthe ncell ncycle nwhen nnutrients nbecome navailable, nor nthe
ncell nreceives nstimuli nvia ngrowth nfactors, nhormones, nor nother nsignals nthat ntrigger
ncell ngrowth, nsuch nas nblood nloss nor ntissue ninjury. n
--Notably, nhighly nspecialized nand nterminally ndifferentiated ncells, nlike nneurons, nmay
npermanently nstay nin nG0.
3 nmain ngroups nof ncells nthat nproliferate n- nANS-(1) nwell-differentiated nneurons nand
ncells nof nskeletal nand ncardiac nmuscles nthat nrarely ndivide nand nreproduce
(2) nprogenitor nor nparent ncells nthat ncontinue nto ndivide nand nreproduce, nlike nblood,
nskin, nand nliver ncells
(3) nundifferentiated nstem ncells nthat ncan nenter nthe ncell ncycle nand nproduce nlarge
nnumber nof nprogenitor ncells nif nneeded.
What nare nprogenitor ncells? n- nANS---the nmore nspecialized ncells nare nunable nto
ndivide, nso nthey nrely non nprogenitor nor nparent ncells nof nthe nsame nlineage nthat nhave
nnot nyet ndifferentiated nto nthe nextent nthat nthey nhave nlost ntheir nability nto ndivide
--they nhave nenough ndifferentiation nso nthe ndaughter ncells nare nlimited nto nthe nsame
ncell nline, nbut nnot nquite ndifferentiated nenough nto nprohibit nactive nproliferation
benefits nof nthe nstem ncell n- nANS---remain ndormant nuntil nthey nare nneeded
--When nneeded, nthey ncan ndivide, nproduce nother nstem ncells, nand ncarry nout nthe
nfunctions nof nthe ndifferentiated ncell. n
--Self-renewal: nthe nstem ncell ncan nundergo nnumerous nmitotic ndivisions nwhile
nmaintaining nan nundifferentiated nstate
--Potency: ndescribes nthe ndifferentiation npotential nof nstem ncells
Know nthe ndifference nin nterminology nof nbenign nand nmalignant ntumors naccording nto
ntissue ntypes. nRefer nto ntable n2.2. n- nANS-Tumors nare ntypically nnamed nby nadding
nthe nsuffix n-oma nto nthe ntissue ntype nfrom nwhich nthe ngrowth noriginates. nCarcin n=
ncancerous nor nmalignant
polyp n- nANS---growth nthat nprojects nfrom na nmucosal nsurface, nsuch nas nthe nintestine
--can nbe nbenign nor nmalignant.
characteristics nof nbenign nneoplasms n- nANS---cell ncharacteristics: nwell-differentiated
ncells nthat nresemble ncells nin nthe ntissue nof norigin
--rate nof ngrowth: nprogressive nand nslow; nmay nstop nor nregress
