CCT EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2024-2025
HR (heart rate) - ANSWER 60-120 BPM
SBP (systolic arterial pressure): ANSWER 90-140 mmHg
DBP (diastolic arterial pressure): ANSWER 60-90 mmHg
MAP - ANSWER 80-100 mmHg
Formula: SP+2(DP) / 3
CO (cardiac output) - Answer: 4.0-8.0L/min
Formula: HR x SV
EF (ejection fraction) - Answer: 60-75%.
SV (stroke volume): ANSWER 60-130ml/beat
formula: CO/HR
Afterload, Contractility, and Preload
CI (cardiac index): ANSWER 2.5-4.0L/min/m2
Formula CO/BSA
RAP (mean RIGHT arterial pressure) - Answer: 2-7mmHg
SVR (systemic vascular resistance): 800-1200
,Formula: (MAP-MRAP) x 80/CO
After loading the left ventricle
SvO2 (mixed venous 02 sat) - Answer: 60-80%
SaO2 (arterial oxygen saturation) - ANSWER >95%
ICP (intracranial pressure): <15 mmHg.
CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure) - Answer: 65-100 mmHg
Formula: MAP-ICP
2DEL (OXYGEN DELIVERY, ANSWER 1000ML/MIN)
Formula CaO2 x '0) x CO
The anion gap - ANSWER 12 (+/-2) mEq/L
adjusted total calcium - ANSWER total Ca + 0.8 (4.0 minus albumin)
T-wave - ANSWER ventricular repolarization
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker - ANSWER Variable p-wave morphology
PEA (pulseless electrical activity) - ANSWER sinus rhythm, but clinically dead.
Cannot defib, must continue CPR.
, CSF Xanthochromatic - Answer Yellow colour indicates aged blood.
ANSWER: Check platelet count and coagulation investigations.
Pupil assessment - ANSWER done in ambient light of the room.
Neuro exam invalidation - ANSWER hypoglycemia.
PR interval - ANSWER Transit time of electricity from atrium to ventricles.
Answer: The left atrium is the first to accept oxygenated blood from the lungs.
SA node is the major pacemaker of the heart.
upward QRS complex - ANSWER current travels towards the monitor lead.
Circulation Assessment - Answer skin colour.
palpable pulse
Cap refill
The mitral valve stops blood from refluxing from the left ventricle into the left
atrium.
Cardiac Enzymes - Answer: Troponin > 0.01
CK-MB
HR (heart rate) - ANSWER 60-120 BPM
SBP (systolic arterial pressure): ANSWER 90-140 mmHg
DBP (diastolic arterial pressure): ANSWER 60-90 mmHg
MAP - ANSWER 80-100 mmHg
Formula: SP+2(DP) / 3
CO (cardiac output) - Answer: 4.0-8.0L/min
Formula: HR x SV
EF (ejection fraction) - Answer: 60-75%.
SV (stroke volume): ANSWER 60-130ml/beat
formula: CO/HR
Afterload, Contractility, and Preload
CI (cardiac index): ANSWER 2.5-4.0L/min/m2
Formula CO/BSA
RAP (mean RIGHT arterial pressure) - Answer: 2-7mmHg
SVR (systemic vascular resistance): 800-1200
,Formula: (MAP-MRAP) x 80/CO
After loading the left ventricle
SvO2 (mixed venous 02 sat) - Answer: 60-80%
SaO2 (arterial oxygen saturation) - ANSWER >95%
ICP (intracranial pressure): <15 mmHg.
CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure) - Answer: 65-100 mmHg
Formula: MAP-ICP
2DEL (OXYGEN DELIVERY, ANSWER 1000ML/MIN)
Formula CaO2 x '0) x CO
The anion gap - ANSWER 12 (+/-2) mEq/L
adjusted total calcium - ANSWER total Ca + 0.8 (4.0 minus albumin)
T-wave - ANSWER ventricular repolarization
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker - ANSWER Variable p-wave morphology
PEA (pulseless electrical activity) - ANSWER sinus rhythm, but clinically dead.
Cannot defib, must continue CPR.
, CSF Xanthochromatic - Answer Yellow colour indicates aged blood.
ANSWER: Check platelet count and coagulation investigations.
Pupil assessment - ANSWER done in ambient light of the room.
Neuro exam invalidation - ANSWER hypoglycemia.
PR interval - ANSWER Transit time of electricity from atrium to ventricles.
Answer: The left atrium is the first to accept oxygenated blood from the lungs.
SA node is the major pacemaker of the heart.
upward QRS complex - ANSWER current travels towards the monitor lead.
Circulation Assessment - Answer skin colour.
palpable pulse
Cap refill
The mitral valve stops blood from refluxing from the left ventricle into the left
atrium.
Cardiac Enzymes - Answer: Troponin > 0.01
CK-MB
