NHM 454 Exam 1 Study Guide
What do food researchers do? food scientists? - Answer make observations of health
and disease in conjunction with observations of commonly consumed food ---- analyze
foods to determine the nutrient content and then formulate products to provide optimal
amounts of these nutrients
How do Food Science and Nutrition relate? - Answer symbiotic fields sharing a common
literature, research methodolgy, and study designs
What is an abstract? - Answer summnation of the article
What is introduction? - Answer tells you the knowns & unknowns; why was it studied
What does methods do? - Answer inculsion & exclusion, outcome measures; statistics
What are results? - Answer table, figures, & pertinant results
Wat is discussion? - Answer implications to our field; new references to agree or
disgaree
What is conclusions? - Answer wrap-up;brief that provides a way to translation into
clinical practice
Are NHANES and FFQ primary research? - Answer no
What are the different types of food and nutrition research? - Answer
Descriptive/Qualitative -- experimental -- integrative -- translational
What is qualitative research? Includes? - Answer effective way of obtaining information
for devising hypotheses and proposing associations --- involves a well-focused research
question
What does qualitative research illustrate? - Answer a non-quantifiable topic
What is a good example of qualitative research? - Answer NHANES
What is experimental research? - Answer analytical research evaluating hypotheses and
the determination of casual relationship
What does experimental research involve? - Answer investigator-controlled
interventions
What does experimental design determine? - Answer statistical power
What are the types of studies? - Answer qualitative studies -- experimental studies
What are qualitative studies? examples? - Answer nutrition monitoring (NHANES, food
intake assessment) & epidemiologic studies (framingham study)
,Why is epi studies qualitative? - Answer no intervention just observing something over
time
What are experminetal studies? examples? - Answer metabolic diet studies (DASH) --
clinical trails (drug/functional food testing) -- animal studies (drug/functional food
testing)
What determines study design, subject pop, and methods for experimental research? -
Answer research question and hypotheses
What are objectives of experimental trial testing presented as? - Answer quantitatively
so specific end point can be measured precisely
What is the Gold Standard Design for experimental research? - Answer double-blind
crossover randomized controlled study
What are inclusion/exclusion criteria? - Answer inclusion is very broad and found in
methods section
What is randomized controlled trial utilize? - Answer comparative study design involving
an intervention with one o more treaments
What is important consideration for RCT? - Answer time b/c length of treatment period
must be sufficient to adequately test treatment effects
What are parallel RCT? - Answer participants are randomly assigned to a treatment
group and remain on this treatment throughout the study
What does parallel RCT require? - Answer large sample size due to degree of variance
among participants in each group
What is crossover RCT require? - Answer each participant receives the treatment and
the control with wash out period typically separates different stages of study
What is advantages of crossover RCT? - Answer variability is reduced -- decrease in
variance allows for smaller sample sizes to be used
What is postprandial studies? - Answer allows researchers to evaluate the acute effects
of a specific nutrient, food, or mixed meal on specific end points of interest
What is the time for postprandial time? - Answer day can be as long as 12-14 hours
What is good for postprandial studies for? - Answer identify how long it takes a
compound to metabolize into blood
What is dose-response studies? - Answer provides information about range of biological
effects in response to different doses of nutrients evaluated
What are dose-response studies important in? - Answer assessing maximum effective
dose and establishing dietary intake levels
, What is integrative research? - Answer research that combines results of numerous
small independent studies on a single topic
What does integrative research involve? - Answer formal data analysis criteria
(inclusion and exclusion criteria)
What are examples of integrative research? - Answer meta-analysis and systematic
reviews
Does integrative research use inclusion and exclusion criteria? Why or why not? -
Answer yes -- to make sure you are comparing apples to apples
What is grading the research important for? - Answer important to identify rigours/good
research quality
What is meta-analysis? - Answer seeks to merge the reported results of similar research
studies to mathematically answer specific, quantitatve questions
What do meta-anaylsis rely on? strict? - Answer statistical power of a larger, merged
sample -- strict inclusion and exclusion criteria
What is systematic reviews? - Answer organized narrative evaluation of a cohort of
studies without a mathematical evaluation
When are systematic review conducted? - Answer commonly conducted when
insufficient data are available to perform meta-analysis in a sub-group (summation)
What is translational research? - Answer research involving implementation of scientific
discoveries into patient care
What is translational research based on? - Answer evaluation of beneficial effects of
controlled la studies and clinical investigations
What does translational research require? - Answer thorough understanding of
research design and study limitations
What are examples of translational research? - Answer academy's evidence-based
practice guidelines, IOM guidelines, etc.
Is translational research the end to research? - Answer no
What is hypothesis? - Answer statement of how two or more variables are expected to
be related to each other
What is null hypothesis? - Answer states there is no relationship between factors of
investigation -- AKA working hypothesis
What is Type I error? - Answer rejection of the null hypothesis that is actually true
(equivalent to a false positive result)
What do food researchers do? food scientists? - Answer make observations of health
and disease in conjunction with observations of commonly consumed food ---- analyze
foods to determine the nutrient content and then formulate products to provide optimal
amounts of these nutrients
How do Food Science and Nutrition relate? - Answer symbiotic fields sharing a common
literature, research methodolgy, and study designs
What is an abstract? - Answer summnation of the article
What is introduction? - Answer tells you the knowns & unknowns; why was it studied
What does methods do? - Answer inculsion & exclusion, outcome measures; statistics
What are results? - Answer table, figures, & pertinant results
Wat is discussion? - Answer implications to our field; new references to agree or
disgaree
What is conclusions? - Answer wrap-up;brief that provides a way to translation into
clinical practice
Are NHANES and FFQ primary research? - Answer no
What are the different types of food and nutrition research? - Answer
Descriptive/Qualitative -- experimental -- integrative -- translational
What is qualitative research? Includes? - Answer effective way of obtaining information
for devising hypotheses and proposing associations --- involves a well-focused research
question
What does qualitative research illustrate? - Answer a non-quantifiable topic
What is a good example of qualitative research? - Answer NHANES
What is experimental research? - Answer analytical research evaluating hypotheses and
the determination of casual relationship
What does experimental research involve? - Answer investigator-controlled
interventions
What does experimental design determine? - Answer statistical power
What are the types of studies? - Answer qualitative studies -- experimental studies
What are qualitative studies? examples? - Answer nutrition monitoring (NHANES, food
intake assessment) & epidemiologic studies (framingham study)
,Why is epi studies qualitative? - Answer no intervention just observing something over
time
What are experminetal studies? examples? - Answer metabolic diet studies (DASH) --
clinical trails (drug/functional food testing) -- animal studies (drug/functional food
testing)
What determines study design, subject pop, and methods for experimental research? -
Answer research question and hypotheses
What are objectives of experimental trial testing presented as? - Answer quantitatively
so specific end point can be measured precisely
What is the Gold Standard Design for experimental research? - Answer double-blind
crossover randomized controlled study
What are inclusion/exclusion criteria? - Answer inclusion is very broad and found in
methods section
What is randomized controlled trial utilize? - Answer comparative study design involving
an intervention with one o more treaments
What is important consideration for RCT? - Answer time b/c length of treatment period
must be sufficient to adequately test treatment effects
What are parallel RCT? - Answer participants are randomly assigned to a treatment
group and remain on this treatment throughout the study
What does parallel RCT require? - Answer large sample size due to degree of variance
among participants in each group
What is crossover RCT require? - Answer each participant receives the treatment and
the control with wash out period typically separates different stages of study
What is advantages of crossover RCT? - Answer variability is reduced -- decrease in
variance allows for smaller sample sizes to be used
What is postprandial studies? - Answer allows researchers to evaluate the acute effects
of a specific nutrient, food, or mixed meal on specific end points of interest
What is the time for postprandial time? - Answer day can be as long as 12-14 hours
What is good for postprandial studies for? - Answer identify how long it takes a
compound to metabolize into blood
What is dose-response studies? - Answer provides information about range of biological
effects in response to different doses of nutrients evaluated
What are dose-response studies important in? - Answer assessing maximum effective
dose and establishing dietary intake levels
, What is integrative research? - Answer research that combines results of numerous
small independent studies on a single topic
What does integrative research involve? - Answer formal data analysis criteria
(inclusion and exclusion criteria)
What are examples of integrative research? - Answer meta-analysis and systematic
reviews
Does integrative research use inclusion and exclusion criteria? Why or why not? -
Answer yes -- to make sure you are comparing apples to apples
What is grading the research important for? - Answer important to identify rigours/good
research quality
What is meta-analysis? - Answer seeks to merge the reported results of similar research
studies to mathematically answer specific, quantitatve questions
What do meta-anaylsis rely on? strict? - Answer statistical power of a larger, merged
sample -- strict inclusion and exclusion criteria
What is systematic reviews? - Answer organized narrative evaluation of a cohort of
studies without a mathematical evaluation
When are systematic review conducted? - Answer commonly conducted when
insufficient data are available to perform meta-analysis in a sub-group (summation)
What is translational research? - Answer research involving implementation of scientific
discoveries into patient care
What is translational research based on? - Answer evaluation of beneficial effects of
controlled la studies and clinical investigations
What does translational research require? - Answer thorough understanding of
research design and study limitations
What are examples of translational research? - Answer academy's evidence-based
practice guidelines, IOM guidelines, etc.
Is translational research the end to research? - Answer no
What is hypothesis? - Answer statement of how two or more variables are expected to
be related to each other
What is null hypothesis? - Answer states there is no relationship between factors of
investigation -- AKA working hypothesis
What is Type I error? - Answer rejection of the null hypothesis that is actually true
(equivalent to a false positive result)
