COMD 5070 EXAM 2 study guide Questions With
Solved Answers
calculate average air flow - ANSWER-flow=air/time
• if 1 liter of air is used...
• and phonation lasts for 5 seconds...
• average flow = 1/5 liter per second
• or 200 cc/second or 0.2 liters/second
• flow at a given instant may be different
u-tube manometer: how does it work? - ANSWER-Measures static pressure
Tube in the shape of a u
water in tube is identical until
water in the tube/pressure applied
displace water
measure the difference in height=
amount of centimeters of water displaced by pressure applied
u-tube manometer: what is it best used for? - ANSWER-can use to calibrate equipment
used to measure pressure
very low tech
can easily see how much pressure there was
u-tube manometer:what are its
limitations? - ANSWER-rather crude
have to measure in from the difference in height of the two water columns the pressure
that has been exerted into the system
not suited to dynamic measures in speech production where pressures go up and down
extremely rapidly
sometimes by rather subtle amounts
pressure transducer - ANSWER-can measure the air pressure in a given space
intraoral air pressure during speech production
professor used for measures of aerodynamic speech
clear polyurethane tubes sticks into corner of a person's mouth
close lips around it while speaking
measuring speech breathing: - ANSWER-Most speech measures come from the oral
cavity
,some come from the nasal cavity
tube inside
transducer outside
measuring speech breathing: pressure patterns in speech - ANSWER-just inside the
mouth: Pio is intra-oral air pressure
vowels: equal to atmospheric pressure
fricatives:elevated
stop consonants: highest
measuring speech breathing: how do the ribcage and abdomen move as we speak or
sing? - ANSWER-increases and decreases in the volume of the lungs
When you breathe in the diaphragm flattens out and pulls the base of the lung
downward this expands the volume inside the lungs and decreases the pressure
causing a person to breathe in; also pushes down on abdominal viscera causing the
belly to expand outwards
During typical breathing the ribcage and the abdomen both expand or shrink together
subglottal pressure: what is it? - ANSWER-- abbreviated Ps or Psub
-pressure the lungs provide that goes up the trachea to larynx
- measure pressure directly below the larynx
- driving pressure for phonation, speech
- difficult to measure directly
How is P sub estimated? - ANSWER-Measure intraoral air pressure at a particular time
when pressure in the mouth is the same as pressure below the larynx
-occurs during a brief time during the production of a P or vowels (PAA, PAA, PAA)
• voiceless bilabial plosive
• vocal folds are abducted
- laryngeal devoicing gesture
• trachea and mouth are linked
- no pressure drop at the larynx
• pressure equalizes throughout system
How is sub glottal pressure measured alternatively? - ANSWER-• tracheal puncture
- direct, accurate measures during speech
- medical procedure (hole in trachea below larynx)
- miniaturized pressure transducer put inside the trachea
- hard to attract volunteers!
• esophageal (balloon) pressure (NOT USED commonly)
, - sensor measure the pressure on the shared wall: posterior trachea, anterior
esophagus
- swallows the pressure transducer partway into the esophagus the sensor
- pressure is lower than lung pressure
- not a very practical or common procedure
subglottal pressure: how much is enough for speaking? - ANSWER-• 5-7 cmH2O typical
for normal speech
• 15-20 cmH2O for very loud speech
clear association: Psub and SPL
lower pressure for pulse register
higher pressure for falsetto - why might this be?
phonation threshold pressure what is it? - ANSWER-PTP - pressure for folds to start
vibrating
between 3-5 cmH2O needed to start
phonation threshold pressure: what influences it? - ANSWER-less that 3-5 cm H2O
needed to maintain it
• PTP increases with
- dehydration
- vocal fatigue
- why might this be?
phonation threshold pressure increases with dehydration, vocal fatigue, why might this
be? - ANSWER-dehydration: if vocal folds are dried out and less compliant, less flexible
increase in the amount of pressure needed to make them move
vocal fatigue: swollen, puffy bulky, more pressure needed to make oscillate
higher pressure for falsetto - why might this be? - ANSWER-Vocal folds stretched very
tightly
stiffer
more difficult to displace
more pressure needed to initiate vocal fold oscillation
Phonation threshold pressure in the clinic: - ANSWER-- folds are looser for easy onset
(less pressure) 81, 82, 83
- folds are stiffer for harsh onset (more pressure) 81, 82, 83
damage voices are a little higher
-PTP will be higher for abrupt start
- vocal fold lesions increase mass (more pressure)
-many lesions stiffen the mucosa (more pressure)
Solved Answers
calculate average air flow - ANSWER-flow=air/time
• if 1 liter of air is used...
• and phonation lasts for 5 seconds...
• average flow = 1/5 liter per second
• or 200 cc/second or 0.2 liters/second
• flow at a given instant may be different
u-tube manometer: how does it work? - ANSWER-Measures static pressure
Tube in the shape of a u
water in tube is identical until
water in the tube/pressure applied
displace water
measure the difference in height=
amount of centimeters of water displaced by pressure applied
u-tube manometer: what is it best used for? - ANSWER-can use to calibrate equipment
used to measure pressure
very low tech
can easily see how much pressure there was
u-tube manometer:what are its
limitations? - ANSWER-rather crude
have to measure in from the difference in height of the two water columns the pressure
that has been exerted into the system
not suited to dynamic measures in speech production where pressures go up and down
extremely rapidly
sometimes by rather subtle amounts
pressure transducer - ANSWER-can measure the air pressure in a given space
intraoral air pressure during speech production
professor used for measures of aerodynamic speech
clear polyurethane tubes sticks into corner of a person's mouth
close lips around it while speaking
measuring speech breathing: - ANSWER-Most speech measures come from the oral
cavity
,some come from the nasal cavity
tube inside
transducer outside
measuring speech breathing: pressure patterns in speech - ANSWER-just inside the
mouth: Pio is intra-oral air pressure
vowels: equal to atmospheric pressure
fricatives:elevated
stop consonants: highest
measuring speech breathing: how do the ribcage and abdomen move as we speak or
sing? - ANSWER-increases and decreases in the volume of the lungs
When you breathe in the diaphragm flattens out and pulls the base of the lung
downward this expands the volume inside the lungs and decreases the pressure
causing a person to breathe in; also pushes down on abdominal viscera causing the
belly to expand outwards
During typical breathing the ribcage and the abdomen both expand or shrink together
subglottal pressure: what is it? - ANSWER-- abbreviated Ps or Psub
-pressure the lungs provide that goes up the trachea to larynx
- measure pressure directly below the larynx
- driving pressure for phonation, speech
- difficult to measure directly
How is P sub estimated? - ANSWER-Measure intraoral air pressure at a particular time
when pressure in the mouth is the same as pressure below the larynx
-occurs during a brief time during the production of a P or vowels (PAA, PAA, PAA)
• voiceless bilabial plosive
• vocal folds are abducted
- laryngeal devoicing gesture
• trachea and mouth are linked
- no pressure drop at the larynx
• pressure equalizes throughout system
How is sub glottal pressure measured alternatively? - ANSWER-• tracheal puncture
- direct, accurate measures during speech
- medical procedure (hole in trachea below larynx)
- miniaturized pressure transducer put inside the trachea
- hard to attract volunteers!
• esophageal (balloon) pressure (NOT USED commonly)
, - sensor measure the pressure on the shared wall: posterior trachea, anterior
esophagus
- swallows the pressure transducer partway into the esophagus the sensor
- pressure is lower than lung pressure
- not a very practical or common procedure
subglottal pressure: how much is enough for speaking? - ANSWER-• 5-7 cmH2O typical
for normal speech
• 15-20 cmH2O for very loud speech
clear association: Psub and SPL
lower pressure for pulse register
higher pressure for falsetto - why might this be?
phonation threshold pressure what is it? - ANSWER-PTP - pressure for folds to start
vibrating
between 3-5 cmH2O needed to start
phonation threshold pressure: what influences it? - ANSWER-less that 3-5 cm H2O
needed to maintain it
• PTP increases with
- dehydration
- vocal fatigue
- why might this be?
phonation threshold pressure increases with dehydration, vocal fatigue, why might this
be? - ANSWER-dehydration: if vocal folds are dried out and less compliant, less flexible
increase in the amount of pressure needed to make them move
vocal fatigue: swollen, puffy bulky, more pressure needed to make oscillate
higher pressure for falsetto - why might this be? - ANSWER-Vocal folds stretched very
tightly
stiffer
more difficult to displace
more pressure needed to initiate vocal fold oscillation
Phonation threshold pressure in the clinic: - ANSWER-- folds are looser for easy onset
(less pressure) 81, 82, 83
- folds are stiffer for harsh onset (more pressure) 81, 82, 83
damage voices are a little higher
-PTP will be higher for abrupt start
- vocal fold lesions increase mass (more pressure)
-many lesions stiffen the mucosa (more pressure)
