COMD 5070 Final Exam Questions & Answers
100% Correct
Two types of coarticulation - ANSWER-anticipatory
retentive
Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation - ANSWER-earlier sounds are influenced by a later
sound .
ex: spoon which causes /s/ to lip round.
Retentive (backward) coarticulation - ANSWER-later sounds are influenced by an
earlier one.
ex: no causes /o/ to be nasalized.
Acoustic parameters that may change when a word is stressed: - ANSWER-
fundamental frequency
intensity
duration
relaxed vs clear speech - ANSWER-We adjust how much articulatory effort we use,
depending on the circumstances. When you're in a circumstance with minimal noise,
you may be able to minimize your energy expenditure by speaking casually. However, if
you're talking to someone with a hearing impairment or are in a noisy environment and
need to be understood, you tend to adjust the effort level upward and articulate with
much greater force and effort.
hyper- and hypo-articulate speech are different, and clear speech involves longer
segment durations as a result of trying to be really clear, whereas more casual speech
involves articulatory undershoot.
In conclusion, relaxed speech involves articulatory undershoot and clear speech
involves longer segment durations and released stops due to emphasis and trying to be
clear when speaking.
Hypernasality (how do perceptual severity relates to physiology) - ANSWER-Perceptual
severities of nasalization relate to physiology, because it is disordered because it can
be a result of linked nasal and oral cavity. The nasal cavity tends to have a damping
effect and can influence the clarity of a vowel that's being produced. This is because the
nasal cavity acts as an anti resonance, which damps the other formants.
Nasal air Flow (during which sound would it be high or low) - ANSWER-low for vowels
near zero for pressure consonants. If there is flow during consonants this could indicate
leakage.
, Measuring nasalance (what instrument quantifies this) - ANSWER-nasometer
It relies on acoustic nasometry but may include aerodynamic measures as well. Looks
at nasal airflow over time. It comes with a software which will allow for quantifying
measures of nasalance.
Example: OroNasal Mask System from a company called Glottal Enterprises.
Acoustic Nasometry (how does it work conceptually) - ANSWER-you have two
microphones. One is set above the divider plate, and one below. This divider plate is set
on the front of the person's face so it sits above the person's upper lip and below the
nose. So one of the microphones picks up energy that comes below the mouth, and the
other picks up energy that comes from the nose. The relative proportions of the energy
from these two microphones can be represented as nasalance. This is useful in clinical
assessments because you can determine if a person falls within normal limits for
nasalance for a given utterance. It can also be used to provide feedback during therapy
so the person can see how they're managing the oral nasal balance of speech
production.
EMG - ANSWER-used to study electrical activity in muscles.
What innervates muscles? - ANSWER-motor neurons
What does a motor neuron consist of? - ANSWER-motor neuron
few or many muscle fibers
What causes contraction of muscles? - ANSWER-electrical stimulation
Surface Electrodes - ANSWER-measure larger muscles. Less invasive due to many
muscle fibers firing at the same time. Must have signal amplified to boost signal.
Intramuscular Electrodes - ANSWER-measures fine detail, but requires you poking the
electrode into the belly of the muscle so you can measure the electrical activity inside it.
Where does the signal come from? (EMG) - ANSWER-signals originate from CNS and
may reveal details of neural control.
Muscle contraction follows neural stimulation. Brain sends impulse down axon to
muscle fiber, causes to contract when stimulated. Electrical activity measured during
contracting & measured with EMG reflects activity of muscle. Electrical impulses
generated in muscles when contract really very small, so important to have very
powerful amplifiers in order to make signals strong enough to recorded & analyzed w pc
software.
What does EMG data reveal? - ANSWER-Details about motor control.
100% Correct
Two types of coarticulation - ANSWER-anticipatory
retentive
Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation - ANSWER-earlier sounds are influenced by a later
sound .
ex: spoon which causes /s/ to lip round.
Retentive (backward) coarticulation - ANSWER-later sounds are influenced by an
earlier one.
ex: no causes /o/ to be nasalized.
Acoustic parameters that may change when a word is stressed: - ANSWER-
fundamental frequency
intensity
duration
relaxed vs clear speech - ANSWER-We adjust how much articulatory effort we use,
depending on the circumstances. When you're in a circumstance with minimal noise,
you may be able to minimize your energy expenditure by speaking casually. However, if
you're talking to someone with a hearing impairment or are in a noisy environment and
need to be understood, you tend to adjust the effort level upward and articulate with
much greater force and effort.
hyper- and hypo-articulate speech are different, and clear speech involves longer
segment durations as a result of trying to be really clear, whereas more casual speech
involves articulatory undershoot.
In conclusion, relaxed speech involves articulatory undershoot and clear speech
involves longer segment durations and released stops due to emphasis and trying to be
clear when speaking.
Hypernasality (how do perceptual severity relates to physiology) - ANSWER-Perceptual
severities of nasalization relate to physiology, because it is disordered because it can
be a result of linked nasal and oral cavity. The nasal cavity tends to have a damping
effect and can influence the clarity of a vowel that's being produced. This is because the
nasal cavity acts as an anti resonance, which damps the other formants.
Nasal air Flow (during which sound would it be high or low) - ANSWER-low for vowels
near zero for pressure consonants. If there is flow during consonants this could indicate
leakage.
, Measuring nasalance (what instrument quantifies this) - ANSWER-nasometer
It relies on acoustic nasometry but may include aerodynamic measures as well. Looks
at nasal airflow over time. It comes with a software which will allow for quantifying
measures of nasalance.
Example: OroNasal Mask System from a company called Glottal Enterprises.
Acoustic Nasometry (how does it work conceptually) - ANSWER-you have two
microphones. One is set above the divider plate, and one below. This divider plate is set
on the front of the person's face so it sits above the person's upper lip and below the
nose. So one of the microphones picks up energy that comes below the mouth, and the
other picks up energy that comes from the nose. The relative proportions of the energy
from these two microphones can be represented as nasalance. This is useful in clinical
assessments because you can determine if a person falls within normal limits for
nasalance for a given utterance. It can also be used to provide feedback during therapy
so the person can see how they're managing the oral nasal balance of speech
production.
EMG - ANSWER-used to study electrical activity in muscles.
What innervates muscles? - ANSWER-motor neurons
What does a motor neuron consist of? - ANSWER-motor neuron
few or many muscle fibers
What causes contraction of muscles? - ANSWER-electrical stimulation
Surface Electrodes - ANSWER-measure larger muscles. Less invasive due to many
muscle fibers firing at the same time. Must have signal amplified to boost signal.
Intramuscular Electrodes - ANSWER-measures fine detail, but requires you poking the
electrode into the belly of the muscle so you can measure the electrical activity inside it.
Where does the signal come from? (EMG) - ANSWER-signals originate from CNS and
may reveal details of neural control.
Muscle contraction follows neural stimulation. Brain sends impulse down axon to
muscle fiber, causes to contract when stimulated. Electrical activity measured during
contracting & measured with EMG reflects activity of muscle. Electrical impulses
generated in muscles when contract really very small, so important to have very
powerful amplifiers in order to make signals strong enough to recorded & analyzed w pc
software.
What does EMG data reveal? - ANSWER-Details about motor control.
