PEW MTO-E jaar 2 blok 1
Mto-e
Hoorcollege 1
De empirische cyclus
Qualitative quantitative
Induction Deduction
Not Random random
Specific Similar
Exploratory explanatory
- Contextual most of the qualitative research will be contextual. Contextual
research is going out to a natural user environment and observing behaviour or
asking questions to find out more about your audience, their motivations and how
they may receive a prototype/idea.
- Explanatory quantitative the question would be open. Is to increase the
understanding of a researcher on a certain subject. It does not provide conclusive
results because of the lack of its statistical strength, but it makes the researcher
determine how and why things happen.
- Evaluative more difficult because it could be in terms of an intervention FE “is an
intervention effective” “what did they find interesting or not” so after an
intervention. Determine the impact of a social intervention. A social intervention is
an action taken within a social context designed to produce an intended result.
Evaluation research thus analyzes the impact of a particular program on a certain
social problem the program is trying to solve.
- Generative helps you to understand who your users would be, what problems you
would be trying to solve and users' mental models when they consider those
problems. This will give you context for what actions they might perform on a given
product, and, most importantly, why they would perform them
,PEW MTO-E jaar 2 blok 1
Fundamental research: Generating theory about a certain topic and solving it. =
start: knowledge problem
Contribution to scientific knowledge, theory
Gap, contrast, error
Applied science: If it specifically says what it can improve for something specific. =
Start: policy or practice problem
Contribution to approach or solution of problem
Initiative outside scientific community
When stand- alone?
- Ill-defined
- Deeply rooted when you have to ask people something because otherwise you
won’t know the answer FE when you ask an adopted child why he goes searching his
real parents in later life.
- Complex
- Specialist
- Delicate
- Sensitive
mixed:
1. using multiple qualitive techniques
2. using quan and qual
what type of research questions can we ask?
Quantitative, questions using numbers:
- How many women smoke during pregnancy?
- How many cigarettes do they smoke?
- What is the effect of interventions that support pregnant woman to quit smoking?
qualitative:
- Why do women smoke during pregnancy?
- What are the problems they run into trying to stop?
- How do they experience the support they receive?
Qualitative: “Is a naturalistic, interpretative approach, concerned with exploring phenomena
form the interior and taking the perspectives and accounts of research participants as a
starting point” so not using methods in which we influence the situation which we do with a
survey or experiment, we want the perspective of the participants.
,PEW MTO-E jaar 2 blok 1
Philosophy: ontology(about what) Ontology is the philosophy of science and what is
reality if that even exists.
Realism= It exists outside human influence. There is an actual truth. Reality is something
external which exists independently of people’s beliefs or understandings
Idealism= reality only exists in your mind and we make it up by ourselves. It is mind
dependent
In science people are in the middle of the two but not fully one of them.
Critical (depth) realism= reality is something that exist independently of those who observe
it BUT is accessible through the perceptions and interpretations of others. We can only
observe what happens and what we observe is what we know. We can only measure the
truth through the perceptions of individuals.
Radical idealism= everyone has his own truth and there is no such thing as one truth and we
cannot discuss it since it is different for everyone.
Naïve realism= there is a truth and we can measure it.
Constructionism = a constructivist learning theory and theory of instruction. It states that
building knowledge occurs best through building things that are tangible and sharable
Philosophy: epistemology (about how)
How can we learn?
Positivism= knowledge is produced through observation and remains unaffected by the
research process.
Post-positivism= Whatever we do we measure the truth, this is close through the realistic
view. We learn by viewing because that is the factual truth. Knowledge is produced by
testing propositions
Interpretivism= knowledge is produced by exploring and understanding the world focusing
on meaning and interpretation. We create the truth as we are measuring it.
Foundations of research
- Qualitative methods generally fit assumptions interpretative paradigm
- Quantitative methods generally fit assumptions (post-)positivistic paradigm.
Epistemology
- How is knowledge acquired?
Induction-deduction-abduction-retroduction
o Abduction is a way of thinking in which a possible explanation is chosen to be
the right one to explain a phenomenon. Close to idealism
o Retroductive arguments are those in which an explanation is proposed to
account for an observed fact or group of facts. "The blood on the victim's shirt
matches Jones' blood type. Perhaps Jones is the killer." In the second
, PEW MTO-E jaar 2 blok 1
example, the similarity of blood type is the concomitance on which the
inference turns. Close to realism
1. Deduction= moving from general (theory) to particular Leonie had the theory that jip
would know that he gets food after hearing the fridge, but this didn’t work when she
tested it. Close to realism, logical because we think that the theory counts for everyone.
So we start with a theory and check it by testing.
2. Induction = moving from particular (data) to general (theory) Guiney pig knows that
he is getting food because he hears the fridge after getting greens for a few weeks. So he
realized that he gets food based on the past weeks so he has formed a theory. So he had
data first and afterwards formed a theory. Close to idealism, knowledge is constructed
and there is not one general reality in your head and it is constructed during the testing.
Epistemology: researcher and researched
- How does the relationship between the researcher and the researched influence the
connection between facts and values?
o Objective observation: complete independence between phenomena studies
and behavior of the researcher
o Empathic neutrality: researcher is not value-free but desirable transparency is
important
o Value-mediated: findings are the product of values of the researcher and
negotiation between researcher and researched
Epistemology: truth
What does it mean to accept particular claims as the truth?
o Correspondence theory of the truth: you think that there is a complete
match between what you measure and what is the truth
o Coherence theory of truth: reality can be captured by consensus
o Pragmatic theory of truth: it’s true when it works, truth is assumed by
outcome.
Theoretical sensitivity Sensitive to thinking about data in theoretical terms. Enables
researchers to discover new insights by using a certain theoretical lens to look at the data
Definitive and sensitizing concepts BELANGRIJK
Sensitizing concepts= qual Definitive concepts= quan
Broad and general description Fixed content
Not yet formalized Know how to measure
Lens helps you to move on Operational definition
In a field that needs exploration of the first Measuring instrument available
perspective
Explanatory power to unveiling your puzzle In a mature field
Qual Quan
Hoorcollege 2
The terminology in research design is really vague. It is a plan you come up with in which you
define data collection methods and what type of findings you come up with. There is a lot of
Mto-e
Hoorcollege 1
De empirische cyclus
Qualitative quantitative
Induction Deduction
Not Random random
Specific Similar
Exploratory explanatory
- Contextual most of the qualitative research will be contextual. Contextual
research is going out to a natural user environment and observing behaviour or
asking questions to find out more about your audience, their motivations and how
they may receive a prototype/idea.
- Explanatory quantitative the question would be open. Is to increase the
understanding of a researcher on a certain subject. It does not provide conclusive
results because of the lack of its statistical strength, but it makes the researcher
determine how and why things happen.
- Evaluative more difficult because it could be in terms of an intervention FE “is an
intervention effective” “what did they find interesting or not” so after an
intervention. Determine the impact of a social intervention. A social intervention is
an action taken within a social context designed to produce an intended result.
Evaluation research thus analyzes the impact of a particular program on a certain
social problem the program is trying to solve.
- Generative helps you to understand who your users would be, what problems you
would be trying to solve and users' mental models when they consider those
problems. This will give you context for what actions they might perform on a given
product, and, most importantly, why they would perform them
,PEW MTO-E jaar 2 blok 1
Fundamental research: Generating theory about a certain topic and solving it. =
start: knowledge problem
Contribution to scientific knowledge, theory
Gap, contrast, error
Applied science: If it specifically says what it can improve for something specific. =
Start: policy or practice problem
Contribution to approach or solution of problem
Initiative outside scientific community
When stand- alone?
- Ill-defined
- Deeply rooted when you have to ask people something because otherwise you
won’t know the answer FE when you ask an adopted child why he goes searching his
real parents in later life.
- Complex
- Specialist
- Delicate
- Sensitive
mixed:
1. using multiple qualitive techniques
2. using quan and qual
what type of research questions can we ask?
Quantitative, questions using numbers:
- How many women smoke during pregnancy?
- How many cigarettes do they smoke?
- What is the effect of interventions that support pregnant woman to quit smoking?
qualitative:
- Why do women smoke during pregnancy?
- What are the problems they run into trying to stop?
- How do they experience the support they receive?
Qualitative: “Is a naturalistic, interpretative approach, concerned with exploring phenomena
form the interior and taking the perspectives and accounts of research participants as a
starting point” so not using methods in which we influence the situation which we do with a
survey or experiment, we want the perspective of the participants.
,PEW MTO-E jaar 2 blok 1
Philosophy: ontology(about what) Ontology is the philosophy of science and what is
reality if that even exists.
Realism= It exists outside human influence. There is an actual truth. Reality is something
external which exists independently of people’s beliefs or understandings
Idealism= reality only exists in your mind and we make it up by ourselves. It is mind
dependent
In science people are in the middle of the two but not fully one of them.
Critical (depth) realism= reality is something that exist independently of those who observe
it BUT is accessible through the perceptions and interpretations of others. We can only
observe what happens and what we observe is what we know. We can only measure the
truth through the perceptions of individuals.
Radical idealism= everyone has his own truth and there is no such thing as one truth and we
cannot discuss it since it is different for everyone.
Naïve realism= there is a truth and we can measure it.
Constructionism = a constructivist learning theory and theory of instruction. It states that
building knowledge occurs best through building things that are tangible and sharable
Philosophy: epistemology (about how)
How can we learn?
Positivism= knowledge is produced through observation and remains unaffected by the
research process.
Post-positivism= Whatever we do we measure the truth, this is close through the realistic
view. We learn by viewing because that is the factual truth. Knowledge is produced by
testing propositions
Interpretivism= knowledge is produced by exploring and understanding the world focusing
on meaning and interpretation. We create the truth as we are measuring it.
Foundations of research
- Qualitative methods generally fit assumptions interpretative paradigm
- Quantitative methods generally fit assumptions (post-)positivistic paradigm.
Epistemology
- How is knowledge acquired?
Induction-deduction-abduction-retroduction
o Abduction is a way of thinking in which a possible explanation is chosen to be
the right one to explain a phenomenon. Close to idealism
o Retroductive arguments are those in which an explanation is proposed to
account for an observed fact or group of facts. "The blood on the victim's shirt
matches Jones' blood type. Perhaps Jones is the killer." In the second
, PEW MTO-E jaar 2 blok 1
example, the similarity of blood type is the concomitance on which the
inference turns. Close to realism
1. Deduction= moving from general (theory) to particular Leonie had the theory that jip
would know that he gets food after hearing the fridge, but this didn’t work when she
tested it. Close to realism, logical because we think that the theory counts for everyone.
So we start with a theory and check it by testing.
2. Induction = moving from particular (data) to general (theory) Guiney pig knows that
he is getting food because he hears the fridge after getting greens for a few weeks. So he
realized that he gets food based on the past weeks so he has formed a theory. So he had
data first and afterwards formed a theory. Close to idealism, knowledge is constructed
and there is not one general reality in your head and it is constructed during the testing.
Epistemology: researcher and researched
- How does the relationship between the researcher and the researched influence the
connection between facts and values?
o Objective observation: complete independence between phenomena studies
and behavior of the researcher
o Empathic neutrality: researcher is not value-free but desirable transparency is
important
o Value-mediated: findings are the product of values of the researcher and
negotiation between researcher and researched
Epistemology: truth
What does it mean to accept particular claims as the truth?
o Correspondence theory of the truth: you think that there is a complete
match between what you measure and what is the truth
o Coherence theory of truth: reality can be captured by consensus
o Pragmatic theory of truth: it’s true when it works, truth is assumed by
outcome.
Theoretical sensitivity Sensitive to thinking about data in theoretical terms. Enables
researchers to discover new insights by using a certain theoretical lens to look at the data
Definitive and sensitizing concepts BELANGRIJK
Sensitizing concepts= qual Definitive concepts= quan
Broad and general description Fixed content
Not yet formalized Know how to measure
Lens helps you to move on Operational definition
In a field that needs exploration of the first Measuring instrument available
perspective
Explanatory power to unveiling your puzzle In a mature field
Qual Quan
Hoorcollege 2
The terminology in research design is really vague. It is a plan you come up with in which you
define data collection methods and what type of findings you come up with. There is a lot of
