capturing and marking organisms, then recapturing them and counting how many are
marked
N = Mn/m
mark and recapture
M = # of marked animals
n = total # of individuals in recapture
m = # of marked individuals in recapture
location of one individual does not influence
another
random population distribution
ex. wind blowing seeds to other locations
populations are grouped up together, can also
occur when environments are "patchy" and
clumped population distribution organisms can only live in some areas
ex. school of fish, herd of elephants
even spacing between populations
uniform population distribution
ex. penguins during nesting
graph of the number of surviving population
members versus the relative age of the member
survivorship curves
Usually experience high survival in early and middle life, followed by a rapid decline in
later life
type I survivorship
ex. humans
relatively constant survivorship throughout life across all life stages; equally as likely to
die as an egg as you are in adulthood
type II survivorship
ex. birds
Experience the greatest mortality early on in life, with relatively low rates of death for
those surviving.
type III survivorship
ex. trees
it's very unlikely that most seeds actually germinate and survive, but once those trees
reach adulthood their survivorship increases exponentially
no limiting factor on population growth, resources
are unlimited
exponential population growth
ex. growing bacteria in a lab setting
rN
exponential population growth equation
r = # of births - # of deaths
N = initial population size
, carrying capacity limits population growth
logistic exponential growth
maximum number of individuals of a population that
can be supported
carrying capacity (K)
intraspecific competition, seasonal variation, catastrophic events, interspecific
factors influencing carrying capacity
competiton
intraspecific competition competition between members of the same species for a limiting resource
different species having population abundance at different times of the year (b/c of
seasonal variation
inconsistency in resource availability)
sudden, natural or man-made situations where change and destruction occur
catastrophic events
ex. volcanic eruption, oil spill
compeititon between individuals of different species
interspecific competition
ex. barnacles and anemones competing for space on a rock
birth and death rates are influenced by population size
density dependent regulation
predation rate, competition, parasite infection
death rate is independent of the population size
density independent regulation
weather, natural disasters, pollution
K-selected long lived, few large offspring
short lived, many small offspring
r-selected
(think r for rapid reproduction)
community populations of different species that interact with one another
community structure number and size of populations and their interactions
species richness number of species living in a habitat or other unit
number of individuals in a species relative to the total number of individuals in all
relative species abundance
species within a system
species whose presence is key to maintaining biodiversity in an ecosystem
keystone species
upholds ecological community structure, impact is much HIGHER than relative
abundance
species which often forms the major structural portion of the habitat, provides habitat
and food for other species
foundation species
ex. kelp
large scale community of organisms, primarily defined on land by the dominant plant
biome
types that exist in geographic regions of the planet with similar climatic conditions
what are terrestrial biomes identified by? temperature and precipitation levels
what determines the plants and animals temperature
found in a terrestrial biome
marked
N = Mn/m
mark and recapture
M = # of marked animals
n = total # of individuals in recapture
m = # of marked individuals in recapture
location of one individual does not influence
another
random population distribution
ex. wind blowing seeds to other locations
populations are grouped up together, can also
occur when environments are "patchy" and
clumped population distribution organisms can only live in some areas
ex. school of fish, herd of elephants
even spacing between populations
uniform population distribution
ex. penguins during nesting
graph of the number of surviving population
members versus the relative age of the member
survivorship curves
Usually experience high survival in early and middle life, followed by a rapid decline in
later life
type I survivorship
ex. humans
relatively constant survivorship throughout life across all life stages; equally as likely to
die as an egg as you are in adulthood
type II survivorship
ex. birds
Experience the greatest mortality early on in life, with relatively low rates of death for
those surviving.
type III survivorship
ex. trees
it's very unlikely that most seeds actually germinate and survive, but once those trees
reach adulthood their survivorship increases exponentially
no limiting factor on population growth, resources
are unlimited
exponential population growth
ex. growing bacteria in a lab setting
rN
exponential population growth equation
r = # of births - # of deaths
N = initial population size
, carrying capacity limits population growth
logistic exponential growth
maximum number of individuals of a population that
can be supported
carrying capacity (K)
intraspecific competition, seasonal variation, catastrophic events, interspecific
factors influencing carrying capacity
competiton
intraspecific competition competition between members of the same species for a limiting resource
different species having population abundance at different times of the year (b/c of
seasonal variation
inconsistency in resource availability)
sudden, natural or man-made situations where change and destruction occur
catastrophic events
ex. volcanic eruption, oil spill
compeititon between individuals of different species
interspecific competition
ex. barnacles and anemones competing for space on a rock
birth and death rates are influenced by population size
density dependent regulation
predation rate, competition, parasite infection
death rate is independent of the population size
density independent regulation
weather, natural disasters, pollution
K-selected long lived, few large offspring
short lived, many small offspring
r-selected
(think r for rapid reproduction)
community populations of different species that interact with one another
community structure number and size of populations and their interactions
species richness number of species living in a habitat or other unit
number of individuals in a species relative to the total number of individuals in all
relative species abundance
species within a system
species whose presence is key to maintaining biodiversity in an ecosystem
keystone species
upholds ecological community structure, impact is much HIGHER than relative
abundance
species which often forms the major structural portion of the habitat, provides habitat
and food for other species
foundation species
ex. kelp
large scale community of organisms, primarily defined on land by the dominant plant
biome
types that exist in geographic regions of the planet with similar climatic conditions
what are terrestrial biomes identified by? temperature and precipitation levels
what determines the plants and animals temperature
found in a terrestrial biome
