General Chemistry Final Exam Study
Guide Questions and Answers | Latest
Version | 2024/2025 | 100% Pass
What is the difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture?
✔✔ A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout, while a heterogeneous
mixture has visibly distinct components.
How does the concept of molarity differ from molality in solution concentration?
✔✔ Molarity measures concentration as moles of solute per liter of solution, while molality
measures moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
What is the role of entropy in predicting the spontaneity of a reaction?
✔✔ Entropy measures disorder; a reaction tends to be spontaneous if it results in an increase in
entropy.
How does the solubility of gases in liquids change with temperature and pressure?
✔✔ Gas solubility decreases with increasing temperature and increases with increasing pressure.
1
,What is the difference between a polar and a nonpolar covalent bond?
✔✔ A polar covalent bond has unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial charges, while a
nonpolar covalent bond has equal sharing of electrons.
How can you identify the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction using stoichiometry?
✔✔ Calculate the amount of product each reactant can produce; the limiting reactant is the one
that produces the least amount.
What is the role of a buffer solution in a chemical system?
✔✔ A buffer solution resists changes in pH by neutralizing small amounts of added acids or
bases.
What factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
✔✔ Factors include temperature, concentration, surface area, and the presence of a catalyst.
What is the principle behind the use of a calorimeter in measuring reaction heat?
✔✔ A calorimeter measures heat changes by recording temperature changes in a controlled
environment.
2
, How do you calculate the empirical formula from the molecular formula of a compound?
✔✔ Divide the molecular formula by the greatest common factor to find the simplest whole-
number ratio of elements.
What is the difference between an acid and a base according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition?
✔✔ An acid donates a proton (H+), while a base accepts a proton.
What is the concept of activation energy in a chemical reaction?
✔✔ Activation energy is the minimum energy required for reactants to undergo a reaction.
How do you determine the percent composition of an element in a compound?
✔✔ Divide the mass of the element by the total mass of the compound and multiply by 100.
What is the role of van der Waals forces in molecular interactions?
✔✔ Van der Waals forces are weak attractions between molecules that affect boiling and melting
points.
How does the concept of dynamic equilibrium apply to reversible reactions?
3
Guide Questions and Answers | Latest
Version | 2024/2025 | 100% Pass
What is the difference between a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture?
✔✔ A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition throughout, while a heterogeneous
mixture has visibly distinct components.
How does the concept of molarity differ from molality in solution concentration?
✔✔ Molarity measures concentration as moles of solute per liter of solution, while molality
measures moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
What is the role of entropy in predicting the spontaneity of a reaction?
✔✔ Entropy measures disorder; a reaction tends to be spontaneous if it results in an increase in
entropy.
How does the solubility of gases in liquids change with temperature and pressure?
✔✔ Gas solubility decreases with increasing temperature and increases with increasing pressure.
1
,What is the difference between a polar and a nonpolar covalent bond?
✔✔ A polar covalent bond has unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial charges, while a
nonpolar covalent bond has equal sharing of electrons.
How can you identify the limiting reactant in a chemical reaction using stoichiometry?
✔✔ Calculate the amount of product each reactant can produce; the limiting reactant is the one
that produces the least amount.
What is the role of a buffer solution in a chemical system?
✔✔ A buffer solution resists changes in pH by neutralizing small amounts of added acids or
bases.
What factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
✔✔ Factors include temperature, concentration, surface area, and the presence of a catalyst.
What is the principle behind the use of a calorimeter in measuring reaction heat?
✔✔ A calorimeter measures heat changes by recording temperature changes in a controlled
environment.
2
, How do you calculate the empirical formula from the molecular formula of a compound?
✔✔ Divide the molecular formula by the greatest common factor to find the simplest whole-
number ratio of elements.
What is the difference between an acid and a base according to the Brønsted-Lowry definition?
✔✔ An acid donates a proton (H+), while a base accepts a proton.
What is the concept of activation energy in a chemical reaction?
✔✔ Activation energy is the minimum energy required for reactants to undergo a reaction.
How do you determine the percent composition of an element in a compound?
✔✔ Divide the mass of the element by the total mass of the compound and multiply by 100.
What is the role of van der Waals forces in molecular interactions?
✔✔ Van der Waals forces are weak attractions between molecules that affect boiling and melting
points.
How does the concept of dynamic equilibrium apply to reversible reactions?
3
