MCBM Exam #2 Pathology (Intro +
Neoplasia I & II) with Complete Solutions
Role of pathology in history of medicine - ANSWER - pathos (suffering/disease) logos (study of)
Hippocrates - hypochondrium palpation
*Rudolph Virchow* - "Father of Pathology" cellular description of lesions and diseases,
microscopic drawings
Autopsies - 12th century used to determine causes of death and for teaching
Spectrum of clinicopathologic study of disease processes - ANSWER - Cause (etiology) ->
mechanism of development (pathogenesis) -> alteration in cells and organs
(morphologic/pathologic changes) - Functional consequences (clinical signs and symptoms)
NB: *Most common disorders, such as atherosclerosis and cancer, are not caused by one
etiologic agent and are in fact multifactorial and arise from the effects of various external
triggers on a genetically susceptible individual.*
Role of major sub-specialties of pathology in medicine: - ANSWER - I. Traditional "Teaching"
Divisions:
A.) General pathology- Concerned with reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli and to
inherited defects, which are the main causes of disease.
B.) Special or systemic pathology
Examines alterations in specialized organs and tissues responsible for disorders
II. Specialty Medical "Practice" Divisions of Pathology in a Hospital or Patient Care Setting
A.) Anatomic (Surgical) pathology
B.) Clinical (Laboratory medicine) pathology
, New up and coming field: Molecular pathology
Surgical (Anatomic) Pathology - ANSWER - - Dx of disease based on gross/microscopic
examination of surgically removed diseased tissues via *biopsies* (*excisional* -
dx/prognostic/therapeutic, *incisional*-dx, *needle aspiration/cores*- diagnostic)
Includes:
Cytopathology
Forensic Pathology
Cytopathology (part of Surgical path) - ANSWER - - Exfoliated cells used for *SCREENING
rather than definitive dx*. Screening reveals possible cancerous cells, then a biopsy is taken for
definitive dx.
- ex. Pap smears
- HPV (viral presence), breast cancer (test for estrogen receptors), gene deletions in bladder
cancer (normal has two green, two yellow, two red)
- EM only used for renal biopsies
Pathologic evaluation methods - ANSWER - 1.) *H&E* - *tissue dx* usual technique
2.) *Special stains* - cellular contents
3.) *Immunofluorescence*
4.) *Immunohistochemistry*- detection of *antigens*
5.) *Pap Stain*- used for eval of cytologic prep (cervical cancers)
6.) *Electron microscopy* - renal
Forensic Pathology (Part of surgical path) - ANSWER - Post-mortum
Clinical Pathology - ANSWER - - Urinalysis
- Immunohematology, chemistry, hematology, coagulation, serology, micro, molecular/cyto
- Also includes microbiology
Neoplasia I & II) with Complete Solutions
Role of pathology in history of medicine - ANSWER - pathos (suffering/disease) logos (study of)
Hippocrates - hypochondrium palpation
*Rudolph Virchow* - "Father of Pathology" cellular description of lesions and diseases,
microscopic drawings
Autopsies - 12th century used to determine causes of death and for teaching
Spectrum of clinicopathologic study of disease processes - ANSWER - Cause (etiology) ->
mechanism of development (pathogenesis) -> alteration in cells and organs
(morphologic/pathologic changes) - Functional consequences (clinical signs and symptoms)
NB: *Most common disorders, such as atherosclerosis and cancer, are not caused by one
etiologic agent and are in fact multifactorial and arise from the effects of various external
triggers on a genetically susceptible individual.*
Role of major sub-specialties of pathology in medicine: - ANSWER - I. Traditional "Teaching"
Divisions:
A.) General pathology- Concerned with reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli and to
inherited defects, which are the main causes of disease.
B.) Special or systemic pathology
Examines alterations in specialized organs and tissues responsible for disorders
II. Specialty Medical "Practice" Divisions of Pathology in a Hospital or Patient Care Setting
A.) Anatomic (Surgical) pathology
B.) Clinical (Laboratory medicine) pathology
, New up and coming field: Molecular pathology
Surgical (Anatomic) Pathology - ANSWER - - Dx of disease based on gross/microscopic
examination of surgically removed diseased tissues via *biopsies* (*excisional* -
dx/prognostic/therapeutic, *incisional*-dx, *needle aspiration/cores*- diagnostic)
Includes:
Cytopathology
Forensic Pathology
Cytopathology (part of Surgical path) - ANSWER - - Exfoliated cells used for *SCREENING
rather than definitive dx*. Screening reveals possible cancerous cells, then a biopsy is taken for
definitive dx.
- ex. Pap smears
- HPV (viral presence), breast cancer (test for estrogen receptors), gene deletions in bladder
cancer (normal has two green, two yellow, two red)
- EM only used for renal biopsies
Pathologic evaluation methods - ANSWER - 1.) *H&E* - *tissue dx* usual technique
2.) *Special stains* - cellular contents
3.) *Immunofluorescence*
4.) *Immunohistochemistry*- detection of *antigens*
5.) *Pap Stain*- used for eval of cytologic prep (cervical cancers)
6.) *Electron microscopy* - renal
Forensic Pathology (Part of surgical path) - ANSWER - Post-mortum
Clinical Pathology - ANSWER - - Urinalysis
- Immunohematology, chemistry, hematology, coagulation, serology, micro, molecular/cyto
- Also includes microbiology
