Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy
Questions with correct answers
Define perimenopause Correct Ans ✓✓ time period preceding
menopause -> fertility wanes and menstrual cycle irregularity increases,
until the first year after cessation of menses
**mean duration = 4yrs
Define menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ permanent cessation of menses
followed by the loss of ovarian foliuclar activity
Median age of menopause in the US Correct Ans ✓✓ 51 years
Premature ovarian insufficiency is defined as Correct Ans ✓✓
menopause before the age of 40
**treatment is considered more critical -> recognized to be at increased
risk for premature morbidity and mortality
Etiology of menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ 1. aging (natural)
genetics, smoking, body size
2. surgery (total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy)
3. medications (chemo)
4. pelvic irritation
Pathophys of menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ 1. ovarian follicle numbers
decrease with advancing age
, 2. ovaries no longer primary site of estrogen and progesterone syntheses
3. increased FSH (10-15 fold) + decreased inhibin B
4. remaining oocytes do not respond to gonadotropins
5. uterus and vagina become atrophic
Signs of menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ menstrual cycle irregularity
(increased frequency of anovulatory cycles)
urogenital atrophy
Symptoms of menopause include Correct Ans ✓✓ -vasomotor: hot
flashes/flushes, night sweats
-psych: anxiety, mood swings, depression, problems with concentration
and memory
-genitourinary: vaginal dryness, burning, irritation, dyspareunia, sexual
dysfunction, urinary incontinence
Other symptoms of menopause include Correct Ans ✓✓ sleep
disturbance
joint pain
headache
metabolic - effects on body composition, lipids, vascular function, bone
metabolism
Diagnosis of menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ 1. signs and symptoms
2. age
Questions with correct answers
Define perimenopause Correct Ans ✓✓ time period preceding
menopause -> fertility wanes and menstrual cycle irregularity increases,
until the first year after cessation of menses
**mean duration = 4yrs
Define menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ permanent cessation of menses
followed by the loss of ovarian foliuclar activity
Median age of menopause in the US Correct Ans ✓✓ 51 years
Premature ovarian insufficiency is defined as Correct Ans ✓✓
menopause before the age of 40
**treatment is considered more critical -> recognized to be at increased
risk for premature morbidity and mortality
Etiology of menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ 1. aging (natural)
genetics, smoking, body size
2. surgery (total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy)
3. medications (chemo)
4. pelvic irritation
Pathophys of menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ 1. ovarian follicle numbers
decrease with advancing age
, 2. ovaries no longer primary site of estrogen and progesterone syntheses
3. increased FSH (10-15 fold) + decreased inhibin B
4. remaining oocytes do not respond to gonadotropins
5. uterus and vagina become atrophic
Signs of menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ menstrual cycle irregularity
(increased frequency of anovulatory cycles)
urogenital atrophy
Symptoms of menopause include Correct Ans ✓✓ -vasomotor: hot
flashes/flushes, night sweats
-psych: anxiety, mood swings, depression, problems with concentration
and memory
-genitourinary: vaginal dryness, burning, irritation, dyspareunia, sexual
dysfunction, urinary incontinence
Other symptoms of menopause include Correct Ans ✓✓ sleep
disturbance
joint pain
headache
metabolic - effects on body composition, lipids, vascular function, bone
metabolism
Diagnosis of menopause Correct Ans ✓✓ 1. signs and symptoms
2. age
