ULTIMATE AP Biology Exam Review
Questions and Answers
Define the following: isotope, valence shell, covalent bond, ionic bond
✓ ~~~Isotope- one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same # of protons,
but different number of neutrons
Valence shell- the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing valence electrons
involved in chemical reactions
Covalent bond- bond where the electrons are shared
Ionic bonds- a chemical bond resulting from the attractions between oppositely
charged ions
Hydrogen bonds result in.... pH is...
✓ ~~~Hydrogen bonds result in a weak, polar, and covalent bond between a H+ and a
negative ion.
pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
✓ ~~~4 bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between...
, ✓ ~~~a H+ and a negative ion
pH is a measure of.... What is a buffer?
✓ ~~~pH is a measure of ion concentration
A buffer minimizes the changes in a solution when acids and bases are added
What are the differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions?
✓ ~~~Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules and anabolic reactions build them
up.
What is an isomer? Define structural, geometric, and stereoisomers?
✓ ~~~An isomer is when different compounds the same molecular formula but different
structure. A structural isomer is an isomer that has different covalent arrangements of
their atoms; geometric isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in spacial
arrangment; enatimors mirror images of each other
Name the following functional groups: -OH -C=O -COOH -NH2 -SH -OPO3
✓ ~~~Hydroxyl; carbonyl; carboxyl; amino; sulfhydryl; phosphate
What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?
What is the function of monosaccharides?
What are polysaccharides?
What are the differences between glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin?
✓ ~~~C1H2O1
, energy storage and structural support
Chain of monosaccarides
Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) store energy in carbohydrate form, whereas
cellulose (plant wall) and chitin (exoskeleton) provide structural support.
What are the structural components of fats, phospholipids, steroids?
Fats store....
Phospholipids form....
Steroids may function as....
✓ ~~~Made up of a glyceral moleucule and three fatty acids which include hydrocarbon
chains that are nonpolar.
Fats store energy and store twice as many calories/gram as carbohydrates
Phospholipids form the bilayer of cell membranes
Steroids function as a means to liquify the cell membrane to increase permeability
and can act as a hormone
Proteins are polymers of...... joined by....
Questions and Answers
Define the following: isotope, valence shell, covalent bond, ionic bond
✓ ~~~Isotope- one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same # of protons,
but different number of neutrons
Valence shell- the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing valence electrons
involved in chemical reactions
Covalent bond- bond where the electrons are shared
Ionic bonds- a chemical bond resulting from the attractions between oppositely
charged ions
Hydrogen bonds result in.... pH is...
✓ ~~~Hydrogen bonds result in a weak, polar, and covalent bond between a H+ and a
negative ion.
pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
✓ ~~~4 bonds
Hydrogen bonds form between...
, ✓ ~~~a H+ and a negative ion
pH is a measure of.... What is a buffer?
✓ ~~~pH is a measure of ion concentration
A buffer minimizes the changes in a solution when acids and bases are added
What are the differences between catabolic and anabolic reactions?
✓ ~~~Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules and anabolic reactions build them
up.
What is an isomer? Define structural, geometric, and stereoisomers?
✓ ~~~An isomer is when different compounds the same molecular formula but different
structure. A structural isomer is an isomer that has different covalent arrangements of
their atoms; geometric isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in spacial
arrangment; enatimors mirror images of each other
Name the following functional groups: -OH -C=O -COOH -NH2 -SH -OPO3
✓ ~~~Hydroxyl; carbonyl; carboxyl; amino; sulfhydryl; phosphate
What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?
What is the function of monosaccharides?
What are polysaccharides?
What are the differences between glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin?
✓ ~~~C1H2O1
, energy storage and structural support
Chain of monosaccarides
Starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) store energy in carbohydrate form, whereas
cellulose (plant wall) and chitin (exoskeleton) provide structural support.
What are the structural components of fats, phospholipids, steroids?
Fats store....
Phospholipids form....
Steroids may function as....
✓ ~~~Made up of a glyceral moleucule and three fatty acids which include hydrocarbon
chains that are nonpolar.
Fats store energy and store twice as many calories/gram as carbohydrates
Phospholipids form the bilayer of cell membranes
Steroids function as a means to liquify the cell membrane to increase permeability
and can act as a hormone
Proteins are polymers of...... joined by....
