NAU BIO202 Exam 1 Questions and Answers well Explained Latest 2024/2025 Update 100% Correct.

Oxytocin (OT) - 1. Surge of hormone released during sexual arousal and orgasm 2. Promotes feelings of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners 3. Stimulates labor contractions during childbirth 4. Stimulates ejection of milk during lactation Hydrophilic hormones - Bioamines, peptides and proteins insulin, GH, epinephrine Hydrophobic hormones - steroids and thyroid hormones Cortisol, thyroid hormone, estrogen/testosterone up-regulation - target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone down regulation - target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone pineal gland - releases melatonin Hypothalamic hormones - AnteriorGNRH, GHRH, TRH, CRH, PRH,PIH, Somtostatin PosteriorOxytocin and ADH hypothalamus and posterior pituitary -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - promotes retention of water by kidneys can cause vasoconstriction Feedback used for hormones - Normally negative, except for OT. That uses positive. Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary - has 2 capillary beds which makes it called a portal system Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin Releasing Hormone - stimulates release of prolactin Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) - Inhibits secretion of prolactin (PRL) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) - Promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH) somatostatin (GHIH, growth hormone inhibiting hormone) - Inhibits release of growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH/thyrotropin), and prolactin Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates production of ova and spermstim development of ovarian follicles (produce estrogen) and sperm production Lutenizing Hormone (LH) - Stimulates ovulation and produces progesterone in females and testosterone in males Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids Prolactin - stimulates milk production Growth Hormone (GH) - stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation GH effects - protein synthesis, lipid metabolism increase, carbohydrate metabolism, and electrolyte balance thyroid gland - secretes T3, T4, and calcitonin thyroid hormone regulation - parathyroid glands - four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone parathyroid hormone (PTH) - increases blood Ca2+ involved in bone maintenance decreased urinary excretion of Ca2+Thymus - An immune organ located near the heart. The thymus is the site of T cell maturation and is larger in children than adolescents. adrenal glands - a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress. adrenal cortex - outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones adrenal medulla - epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted directly into the bloodstream when needed adrenal cortex hormones - zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) used for electrolyte balance zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) increase blood glucose levels, breakdown of proteins and fats inhibit immune responses zona reticularis - androgens (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione) higher levels in males that females, enhance muscle mass and cell growth development of secondary sex chara.Pancreas - exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones Glucagon - A protein hormone secreted by alpha pancreatic endocrine islets that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin