Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review 1 and Correctly Updated Questions and Answers 100% A+ Graded

Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam Review
1 and Correctly Updated Questions and
Answers 100% A+ Graded
Pharmaceutics - CORRECT ANSWER-The science of pharmaceutical systems/
preparations

Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER-What the body does to drugs

Pharmacodynamics - CORRECT ANSWER-What the drugs do to the body

Pharmacotherapy - CORRECT ANSWER-Treatment of disease with drugs

Pharmacology - CORRECT ANSWER-Study of drugs, their sources, actions, chemistry
and uses

Basic pharmacokinetics (LADMET) - CORRECT ANSWER-Liberation, Absorption,
Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, Therapeutic drug monitoring

C-min - CORRECT ANSWER-The minimum concentration

C-max - CORRECT ANSWER-The maximum concentration

T-max - CORRECT ANSWER-The time to maximum concentration

T-1/2 - CORRECT ANSWER-Half-life

AUC - CORRECT ANSWER-Area Under drug Vs. Time Curve (Total exposure to drug)

Vd - CORRECT ANSWER-Volume of distribution

F - CORRECT ANSWER-Fraction of drug absorbed into system

k - CORRECT ANSWER-Elimination rate constant (eg. hr -1)

,CL - CORRECT ANSWER-Clearance (eg. volume/time)

Cr-CL-est - CORRECT ANSWER-Estimated Creatinine Clearance (approximates GFR)

S-cr - CORRECT ANSWER-Serum creatinine

C-ss - CORRECT ANSWER-Steady State Concentration

Bioequivalence - CORRECT ANSWER-Name brand vs. generic/ 2 different drugs have
the same form and concentration Within -20 to 25%

First order kinetics - CORRECT ANSWER--Applies to most drugs
-Takes the same amount of time to wear off, regardless of amount
-Dose INDEPENDENT

Zero-order kinetics - CORRECT ANSWER--Dose DEPENDENT kinetics
Funnel example/Time it takes to wear off depends on amount taken (Ex: ETOH)

Steady State - CORRECT ANSWER--Absorption/Elimination are equal (Reaches a
plateau)
-Dependent on elimination half-life (Does not depend on loading doses or interval)

Absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-Depends on:
-Rate: T-max
-Extent: C-max/AUC
-Bioavailability: Amt. of drug that reaches circulation (First-pass effect) (Route of
admin.)

GI Absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-Via passive processes
-Determined by:
-Surface area (small intestine is where most absorption takes place
-Contact time (diarrhea, peristalsis, gastric emptying)
-Concentration gradient
-GI fluid pH

Distribution - CORRECT ANSWER--Transport of a drug to its site of action/elimination
-Storage of a drug in the body

,-Varies among individuals
-Vd= amt. of drug in the body

Distribution determinants - CORRECT ANSWER--Blood flow
-Special membrane barriers (blood/brain/milk)
-Plasma protein binding (bound/unbound drugs)
-Storage tissues (hydrophilic/lipophilic drugs)

Distribution: Alterations in Vd - CORRECT ANSWER-Age: (elderly= decrease in
muscle mass/increased fat mass)
Gender: Women have decreased muscle & increased fat
Disease: Illness decreases albumin
Nutrition: Low albumin

Metabolism - CORRECT ANSWER--Increases elimination from the body
-Lipophilic drugs are more hydrophilic
-Nonpolar drugs = increased polarity

Most important form of elimination from the body - CORRECT ANSWER-Renal
-CrCl: GFR

Preferred time to check levels of oral meds and why - CORRECT ANSWER-Trough:
Because there's less fluctuation in drug levels vs. elimination curve of peak

Up-regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Body increases # of receptors in response to
medication's blocking them (ex: beta blockers)
-May cause increase in symptoms if stopped suddenly (HTN, heartburn)

Down-regulation - CORRECT ANSWER-Body decreases # of receptors in response to
medication
-May result in tolerance

Schedule 1 Drugs - CORRECT ANSWER-Illegal drugs: Heroin, PCP, etc.
-Cannot prescribe

Schedule 2 Drugs - CORRECT ANSWER-Morphine, Cocaine, Ritalin
-Need written script every time/No call ins/No refills

, Schedule 3 Drugs - CORRECT ANSWER-Tylenol 3, Anabolic steroids
-May have paper or phone script
-May refill up to 5 times

Schedule 4 Drugs - CORRECT ANSWER-Benzodiazepines

Schedule 5 Drugs - CORRECT ANSWER-Codeine cough syrups

FDA Category A - CORRECT ANSWER-Studies on women show remote risk to fetus

FDA Category B - CORRECT ANSWER-Either animal studies show no risk/No human
study done OR animal study finds risk but human study doesn't

FDA Category C - CORRECT ANSWER-Animal study finds risk but no human study
done OR No human/animal studies done

FDA Category D - CORRECT ANSWER-There is proof of risk to fetus but benefit
outweighs the risk

FDA Category - CORRECT ANSWER-There is proof of risk to fetus and benefit does
NOT outweigh risk

Macrodantin & Pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER-Fine for trimesters 1 & 2/ Avoid
during 3rd trimester

Bactrim & Pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER-Fine for trimesters 1 & 2/ Avoid during
3rd trimester

Cephalosporins & Pregnancy - CORRECT ANSWER-Fine for all trimesters

Dependent Authority - CORRECT ANSWER-May only practice under the supervision of
an MD

Independent Authority - CORRECT ANSWER-May practice without the supervision of
an MD