AP Biology Semester 1 review
Questions and Answers
Glycolysis
✓ ~~~reactions, carried out in the cytoplasm, that break down glucose into two molecules of
pyruvate (3 carbon molecule), producing two ATP molecules
Activation Energy
✓ ~~~The energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Calvin Cycle
✓ ~~~Synthesizes sugar from the energy captured in ATP and NADPH in the light reactions
-associated with the stroma
Active Site
✓ ~~~The region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalytic
function of the enzyme.
Aerobic Respiration
✓ ~~~oxygen-requiring reactions, occurring in mitochondria
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
✓ ~~~A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate
groups
Matrix
✓ ~~~the fluid contained within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
,Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)
✓ ~~~cycle series of reactions in which pyruvate molecules produced are broken down to
CO2, forming ATP and NADH
Light Reactions
✓ ~~~Chlorophyll and other molecules capture sunlight energy and convert it to chemical
energy stored in ATP and NADPH-associated with the thylakoid
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
✓ ~~~A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate
groups.
Noncompetitive Inhibition
✓ ~~~
Lactic acid fermentation
✓ ~~~A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that follows glycolysis and
regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis to occur. Produces Lactic Acid, occurs in
bacteria and human muscle cells experiencing oxygen debt.
Alcoholic fermentation
✓ ~~~A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid. Follows glycolysis and
regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis to occur. Produces alcohol and CO2 as
byproducts, used by yeast cells in anaerobic conditions.
Competitive Inhibition
✓ ~~~The process by which two ore more molecules that are somewhat similar in structure
compete for the active site of an enzyme.
Stoma (stomata)
, ✓ ~~~Pores in the epidermis-mouths of the plant-open and close to exchange CO2, O2,
and H2O vapor
Endergonic
✓ ~~~Pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy.
Stroma
✓ ~~~Fluid enclosed in the chloroplasts
Enzyme
✓ ~~~A protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions.
Thylakoid
✓ ~~~Inner most membrane of chloroplast arranged into disk shaped stacks.
Exergonic
✓ ~~~Pertaining to a chemical reaction that liberates energy (either as heat or in the form of
increased entropy); a "downhill" reaction.
Metabolism
✓ ~~~The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a single cell or within all cells of a
multicellular organism.
Cell size is limited by
✓ ~~~surface to volume ratios
water potential gradient
Questions and Answers
Glycolysis
✓ ~~~reactions, carried out in the cytoplasm, that break down glucose into two molecules of
pyruvate (3 carbon molecule), producing two ATP molecules
Activation Energy
✓ ~~~The energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Calvin Cycle
✓ ~~~Synthesizes sugar from the energy captured in ATP and NADPH in the light reactions
-associated with the stroma
Active Site
✓ ~~~The region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalytic
function of the enzyme.
Aerobic Respiration
✓ ~~~oxygen-requiring reactions, occurring in mitochondria
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
✓ ~~~A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate
groups
Matrix
✓ ~~~the fluid contained within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
,Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)
✓ ~~~cycle series of reactions in which pyruvate molecules produced are broken down to
CO2, forming ATP and NADH
Light Reactions
✓ ~~~Chlorophyll and other molecules capture sunlight energy and convert it to chemical
energy stored in ATP and NADPH-associated with the thylakoid
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
✓ ~~~A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate
groups.
Noncompetitive Inhibition
✓ ~~~
Lactic acid fermentation
✓ ~~~A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that follows glycolysis and
regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis to occur. Produces Lactic Acid, occurs in
bacteria and human muscle cells experiencing oxygen debt.
Alcoholic fermentation
✓ ~~~A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid. Follows glycolysis and
regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis to occur. Produces alcohol and CO2 as
byproducts, used by yeast cells in anaerobic conditions.
Competitive Inhibition
✓ ~~~The process by which two ore more molecules that are somewhat similar in structure
compete for the active site of an enzyme.
Stoma (stomata)
, ✓ ~~~Pores in the epidermis-mouths of the plant-open and close to exchange CO2, O2,
and H2O vapor
Endergonic
✓ ~~~Pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy.
Stroma
✓ ~~~Fluid enclosed in the chloroplasts
Enzyme
✓ ~~~A protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions.
Thylakoid
✓ ~~~Inner most membrane of chloroplast arranged into disk shaped stacks.
Exergonic
✓ ~~~Pertaining to a chemical reaction that liberates energy (either as heat or in the form of
increased entropy); a "downhill" reaction.
Metabolism
✓ ~~~The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a single cell or within all cells of a
multicellular organism.
Cell size is limited by
✓ ~~~surface to volume ratios
water potential gradient
