TRU Biol 2131
viroid - infectious agent consisting of a small circular RNA molecule that lacks a protein coat.
Thought to cause disease by interfering with the cell's normal path of gene expression
Common features between PROK and EUK (9) - PM, genetic info (DNA), similar mechanisms for
transcription/translation, shared metabolic pathways (glycolysis, TCA), ATP, photosynthesis mechanisms,
protein synthesis, proteasomes, cytoskeletal filaments built of proteins similar to actin and tubulin
What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? - 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? - - Cells are highly complex and organized
- Possess a genetic program
- Can reproduce
- Acquire and use energy
- Carry out chemical reactions
- Engage in mechanical activities
- Respond to stimuli
- Capable of self-regulation
How is energy passed from one organism to the next? - Light energy is converted by
photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in energy-rich carbohydrates. These carbs are source
of energy for animal cells.
EUK only features - nucleus, complex chromosomes (DNA + histones), cytoplasmic organelles,
complex cytoskeletal system/flagella/cilia, phagocytosis, diploidy, sexual reproduction, mitotic spindles
two domains of PROK cells - archae and bacteria
,(archae are more closely related to EUK)
EUK specialized cells are formed by - differentiation
As cell size increases, surface area/volume ratio ___ - decreases
Surface area/volume ratio importance in cell size. - Larger the cell (cytoplasmic volume) = longer it
takes to move things in/out, generate messages required by cell
- Too big = SA not sufficient to support cell activities
viruses - obligatory intracellular parasites - means they cannot produce unless present within a
host cell
are viruses considered living organisms? - no; inability to reproduce/metabolize without host cells
Evolutionary importance of common properties between PROK and EUK? - The similarities reflect
the fact that EUK cells have evolved almost certainly from PROK ancestors. Due to their common
ancestry, the two types of cells share an identical genetic code that uses DNA and RNA, a common set of
metabolic pathways, and many common structural features.
Lytic infections - - Use host cell machinery to make new virions
- Will lyse host to release progeny to infect other cells
lysogenic infections - - Virus integrates DNA into host cell (provirus)
- No lysing of host
- Effects depend on type of virus
Can viruses be treated with antibiotics? - No
Most sugars have the general formula - Ch2O
, carbs can be joined together by covalent ___bonds - glycosidic
oligosaccharides - role? - small chains often found covalently attached to lipids and proteins,
converting them into glycolipids and glycoproteins.
- 15 glucose or fewer per chain
- Role in mediating the interactions of a cell with its environment and sorting of membrane proteins to
different cellular compartments
glycogen - - highly branched, energy storages.
- Glucose polymer
- animal cells
starch - helical arrangement, energy storage.
Glucose polymer
- Amylose (unbranched) vs amylopectin (branched)
- Stored as densely packed granules enclosed in membrane bound organelles (plastids) within the plant
cell
Cellulose - unbranched, highly extended, structural role.
Main component in plant cell walls
Chitin - a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects and the cell walls of fungi
- does not consist of glucose monomers
hydrogenation of fat - converts some cis bonds to trans = straighter
steroid structure - characteristic 4-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
Important steroid in body - cholesterol - component of animal cell membranes, precursor for
steroid hormones such as testosterone progesterone and estrogen
viroid - infectious agent consisting of a small circular RNA molecule that lacks a protein coat.
Thought to cause disease by interfering with the cell's normal path of gene expression
Common features between PROK and EUK (9) - PM, genetic info (DNA), similar mechanisms for
transcription/translation, shared metabolic pathways (glycolysis, TCA), ATP, photosynthesis mechanisms,
protein synthesis, proteasomes, cytoskeletal filaments built of proteins similar to actin and tubulin
What are the 3 tenets of the cell theory? - 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) The cell is the structural unit of life
3) Cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
Fundamental properties that are shared by all cells (9)? - - Cells are highly complex and organized
- Possess a genetic program
- Can reproduce
- Acquire and use energy
- Carry out chemical reactions
- Engage in mechanical activities
- Respond to stimuli
- Capable of self-regulation
How is energy passed from one organism to the next? - Light energy is converted by
photosynthesis into chemical energy that is stored in energy-rich carbohydrates. These carbs are source
of energy for animal cells.
EUK only features - nucleus, complex chromosomes (DNA + histones), cytoplasmic organelles,
complex cytoskeletal system/flagella/cilia, phagocytosis, diploidy, sexual reproduction, mitotic spindles
two domains of PROK cells - archae and bacteria
,(archae are more closely related to EUK)
EUK specialized cells are formed by - differentiation
As cell size increases, surface area/volume ratio ___ - decreases
Surface area/volume ratio importance in cell size. - Larger the cell (cytoplasmic volume) = longer it
takes to move things in/out, generate messages required by cell
- Too big = SA not sufficient to support cell activities
viruses - obligatory intracellular parasites - means they cannot produce unless present within a
host cell
are viruses considered living organisms? - no; inability to reproduce/metabolize without host cells
Evolutionary importance of common properties between PROK and EUK? - The similarities reflect
the fact that EUK cells have evolved almost certainly from PROK ancestors. Due to their common
ancestry, the two types of cells share an identical genetic code that uses DNA and RNA, a common set of
metabolic pathways, and many common structural features.
Lytic infections - - Use host cell machinery to make new virions
- Will lyse host to release progeny to infect other cells
lysogenic infections - - Virus integrates DNA into host cell (provirus)
- No lysing of host
- Effects depend on type of virus
Can viruses be treated with antibiotics? - No
Most sugars have the general formula - Ch2O
, carbs can be joined together by covalent ___bonds - glycosidic
oligosaccharides - role? - small chains often found covalently attached to lipids and proteins,
converting them into glycolipids and glycoproteins.
- 15 glucose or fewer per chain
- Role in mediating the interactions of a cell with its environment and sorting of membrane proteins to
different cellular compartments
glycogen - - highly branched, energy storages.
- Glucose polymer
- animal cells
starch - helical arrangement, energy storage.
Glucose polymer
- Amylose (unbranched) vs amylopectin (branched)
- Stored as densely packed granules enclosed in membrane bound organelles (plastids) within the plant
cell
Cellulose - unbranched, highly extended, structural role.
Main component in plant cell walls
Chitin - a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeleton of insects and the cell walls of fungi
- does not consist of glucose monomers
hydrogenation of fat - converts some cis bonds to trans = straighter
steroid structure - characteristic 4-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton
Important steroid in body - cholesterol - component of animal cell membranes, precursor for
steroid hormones such as testosterone progesterone and estrogen
