PSIO 305 Exam 3 - Questions and Answers
(Latest Update 2024)
Which of the following statement is true?
-PTSD is entirely genetically determined
-Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins have the same concordance for PTSD
-People with pre-existing hypocortisolism is more likely to develop PTSD
-Early childhood experience does not confer PTSD susceptability
-None of above is true - CORRECT ANSWERS People with pre-existing
hypocortisolism is more likely to develop PTSD
* In PTSD, E/NE and CRH levels are elevated, but cortisol level is reduced, Low
cortisol level before or shortly after the traumatic event is predictive of
subsequent PTSD.
-Monozygotic twins to have significantly higher concordance for PTSD than dizygotic
twins—>estimated 30% heritability.
The ultimate goal of physiological stress response is to
-Remember the stressful event
-Run away from the stressor
-Fight with the stressor
-Remain alert for threat
-Maintain or re-gain homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS -Maintain or re-gain
homeostasis
*Allostasis is the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to
maintain or regain homeostasis.
During early phases of acute stress, activity increases in the following systems
except
-HPA axis
-Parasympathetic
-Sympathetic
-Cadiovascular
-Respiratory - CORRECT ANSWERS -Parasympathetic
,PSIO 305 Exam 3 - Questions and Answers
(Latest Update 2024)
Which of the following statement is true about Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?
a. SNS does not affect skeleton muscle function
b. SNS causes vasoconstriction to blood vessels in skeleton muscle
c. SNS causes vasodilation to blood vessels in skeleton muscle
d. SNS influence skeleton muscle function by stimulating glycogenolysis
e. c and d - CORRECT ANSWERS e. c and d
*SNS causes
-Heart rate increase, vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention lead to higher
blood
pressure and better blood circulation.
- Glycogenolysis, neoglucogenesis and lipolysis make more nutrients available.
- Bronchial dilation results in more oxygen intake.
- Pupil dilation allows more sensory information to be sent to the brain.
- Reduced digestion and bladder relaxation direct resources and attention to the
stressor.
- Increased blood flow to skeleton muscle
Which of the following types of cells can perform phagocytosis?
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells
-Schwann cells
-Astrocytes
-Motor neurons - CORRECT ANSWERS -Microglia
*Function with astrocytes to protect neurons from toxic substances.
• Protect the CNS from foreign matter through
phagocytosis, clearing out bacteria or dead/ injured cells.
• Secrete cytokines to modulate brain functions.
• Protect the CNS from oxidative stress.
,PSIO 305 Exam 3 - Questions and Answers
(Latest Update 2024)
Which of the following is a mixed (i.e., sensory and motor) cranial nerve?
-Vestibulocochlear
-Optic
-Vagus
-Olfactory
-Accessory - CORRECT ANSWERS -Vagus
Which of the following is incorrect for vagal nerve?
-Contains both sensory and motor nerve fibers
-Contain both somatic and visceral nerve fibers
-Projects to nucleus of solitary tract
-Can sense immune responses
-Is activated a few seconds after encounter of a stressor - CORRECT ANSWERS
-Is activated a few seconds after encounter of a stressor
The process in which a mouse learns to navigate a water maze to find a hidden
platform and escape water is
-procedure learning
-classical conditioning
-sensitization
-operant conditioning
-habituation - CORRECT ANSWERS operant conditioning
*association of a behavior with a stimulus/outcome
-Classical/Pavlovian conditioning: association of two stimuli—dogs associate
footsteps with food
-sensitization: enhanced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus—
e.g., repeated exposure to trauma lead to PTSD
-Habituation: reduced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus—e.g.,
getting used to loud sounds.
, PSIO 305 Exam 3 - Questions and Answers
(Latest Update 2024)
Lesions to anterior cingulate cortex will impair which one of the follow
-recent context-conditioned fear
-cue-conditoined fear
-innate fear induced by suffocation
-remote context-conditioned fear
-all of above - CORRECT ANSWERS -remote context-conditioned fear
*Remote (years ago), but not recent, context-conditioned fear, Cingulate Cortex
Stores remote memory of the context Is activated during fear extinction.
Amygdala is NOT required for
-expression of learned fear response
-innate fear induced by suffocation
-context-conditioned fear
-facilitation of memory of emotionally charged events
-cue conditoined fear - CORRECT ANSWERS innate fear induced by
suffocation
*Patient S.M.- Had exclusive and complete bilateral amygdala destruction since late
childhood due to a genetic condition.
No fear in response to external fear-inducing situations (learned?). Greater fear and
panic attack in response to suffocation (innate?). Normal consolidation for
emotionally neutral memory.
-Amygdala Lesions Abolish Both Context- and Cue-Conditioned Fear
Which of the following statement is NOT true about PTSD?
-CRH level is high
-Cortisol level is high
-Blood NE level is high
-Blood E level is high
-All of above are true - CORRECT ANSWERS -Cortisol level is high
*In PTSD, E/NE and CRH levels are elevated, but cortisol level is reduced.
(Latest Update 2024)
Which of the following statement is true?
-PTSD is entirely genetically determined
-Monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins have the same concordance for PTSD
-People with pre-existing hypocortisolism is more likely to develop PTSD
-Early childhood experience does not confer PTSD susceptability
-None of above is true - CORRECT ANSWERS People with pre-existing
hypocortisolism is more likely to develop PTSD
* In PTSD, E/NE and CRH levels are elevated, but cortisol level is reduced, Low
cortisol level before or shortly after the traumatic event is predictive of
subsequent PTSD.
-Monozygotic twins to have significantly higher concordance for PTSD than dizygotic
twins—>estimated 30% heritability.
The ultimate goal of physiological stress response is to
-Remember the stressful event
-Run away from the stressor
-Fight with the stressor
-Remain alert for threat
-Maintain or re-gain homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWERS -Maintain or re-gain
homeostasis
*Allostasis is the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to
maintain or regain homeostasis.
During early phases of acute stress, activity increases in the following systems
except
-HPA axis
-Parasympathetic
-Sympathetic
-Cadiovascular
-Respiratory - CORRECT ANSWERS -Parasympathetic
,PSIO 305 Exam 3 - Questions and Answers
(Latest Update 2024)
Which of the following statement is true about Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?
a. SNS does not affect skeleton muscle function
b. SNS causes vasoconstriction to blood vessels in skeleton muscle
c. SNS causes vasodilation to blood vessels in skeleton muscle
d. SNS influence skeleton muscle function by stimulating glycogenolysis
e. c and d - CORRECT ANSWERS e. c and d
*SNS causes
-Heart rate increase, vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention lead to higher
blood
pressure and better blood circulation.
- Glycogenolysis, neoglucogenesis and lipolysis make more nutrients available.
- Bronchial dilation results in more oxygen intake.
- Pupil dilation allows more sensory information to be sent to the brain.
- Reduced digestion and bladder relaxation direct resources and attention to the
stressor.
- Increased blood flow to skeleton muscle
Which of the following types of cells can perform phagocytosis?
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells
-Schwann cells
-Astrocytes
-Motor neurons - CORRECT ANSWERS -Microglia
*Function with astrocytes to protect neurons from toxic substances.
• Protect the CNS from foreign matter through
phagocytosis, clearing out bacteria or dead/ injured cells.
• Secrete cytokines to modulate brain functions.
• Protect the CNS from oxidative stress.
,PSIO 305 Exam 3 - Questions and Answers
(Latest Update 2024)
Which of the following is a mixed (i.e., sensory and motor) cranial nerve?
-Vestibulocochlear
-Optic
-Vagus
-Olfactory
-Accessory - CORRECT ANSWERS -Vagus
Which of the following is incorrect for vagal nerve?
-Contains both sensory and motor nerve fibers
-Contain both somatic and visceral nerve fibers
-Projects to nucleus of solitary tract
-Can sense immune responses
-Is activated a few seconds after encounter of a stressor - CORRECT ANSWERS
-Is activated a few seconds after encounter of a stressor
The process in which a mouse learns to navigate a water maze to find a hidden
platform and escape water is
-procedure learning
-classical conditioning
-sensitization
-operant conditioning
-habituation - CORRECT ANSWERS operant conditioning
*association of a behavior with a stimulus/outcome
-Classical/Pavlovian conditioning: association of two stimuli—dogs associate
footsteps with food
-sensitization: enhanced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus—
e.g., repeated exposure to trauma lead to PTSD
-Habituation: reduced response after repeated exposure to the same stimulus—e.g.,
getting used to loud sounds.
, PSIO 305 Exam 3 - Questions and Answers
(Latest Update 2024)
Lesions to anterior cingulate cortex will impair which one of the follow
-recent context-conditioned fear
-cue-conditoined fear
-innate fear induced by suffocation
-remote context-conditioned fear
-all of above - CORRECT ANSWERS -remote context-conditioned fear
*Remote (years ago), but not recent, context-conditioned fear, Cingulate Cortex
Stores remote memory of the context Is activated during fear extinction.
Amygdala is NOT required for
-expression of learned fear response
-innate fear induced by suffocation
-context-conditioned fear
-facilitation of memory of emotionally charged events
-cue conditoined fear - CORRECT ANSWERS innate fear induced by
suffocation
*Patient S.M.- Had exclusive and complete bilateral amygdala destruction since late
childhood due to a genetic condition.
No fear in response to external fear-inducing situations (learned?). Greater fear and
panic attack in response to suffocation (innate?). Normal consolidation for
emotionally neutral memory.
-Amygdala Lesions Abolish Both Context- and Cue-Conditioned Fear
Which of the following statement is NOT true about PTSD?
-CRH level is high
-Cortisol level is high
-Blood NE level is high
-Blood E level is high
-All of above are true - CORRECT ANSWERS -Cortisol level is high
*In PTSD, E/NE and CRH levels are elevated, but cortisol level is reduced.
