SUMMARY: MIGRATION & SOCITIE
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: has the worls become more migratory?...........................................6
Concepts and measures................................................................................................. 6
WHAT IS MIGRATION?.................................................................................................. 6
Migration vs. Mobility.................................................................................................. 7
Battle for Words: Migrants vs. Refugees......................................................................7
Migration statistics...................................................................................................... 8
A short migration history................................................................................................ 9
EARLY MIGRATION....................................................................................................... 9
MIGRATION IS OF ALL TIMES........................................................................................9
EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION SINCE WWII......................................................................9
Global Migration Trends.................................................................................................. 9
Lecture 2: why do people stay or move?........................................................11
I. (International) Migration theories..............................................................11
Theoretical Frameworks on Migration........................................................................11
Different Social Theory Paradigms............................................................................11
Functionalist approaches & equilibrium theories..........................................................12
Early foundations: Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration (1885; 1889)..............................12
Lee’s Push-Pull Model of Migration (1966).................................................................13
Neo-Classical (Macro-Economic) Migration Theory....................................................13
Neo-Classical (Micro-Economic) Migration Theory.....................................................13
Limitations of the Push-Pull Models...........................................................................13
Limitations of Neo-Classical Theories........................................................................14
Historical-Structural Theories of Migration....................................................................14
World-Systems Theory.............................................................................................. 14
Dual Labor Market Theory......................................................................................... 14
Limitations of Structural Theories..............................................................................15
Meso-Level/Internal Dynamics Theories........................................................................15
New Economics of Labor Migration............................................................................15
Migrant Networks Theory.......................................................................................... 16
Case Study: Pride and Concrete in Romania.............................................................16
Cumulative Causation of Migration...............................................................................16
Positive Bias in Research on Migrant Networks.............................................................17
Dark Side of Social Capital (Portes '98).........................................................................17
Expansion 'Ad-Infinitum'?.............................................................................................. 17
Sum-Up: Theoretical Models of Migration......................................................................18
Complementary Approaches.........................................................................................18
II. Aspirations and (cap)ability framework.....................................................18
Aspirations and (Cap)ability Framework.......................................................................18
Towards a Unified Theory of Migration......................................................................18
Migration, Function of Aspirations & (Cap)Abilities....................................................19
The Mechanisms of Migration....................................................................................19
A Desire for Change.................................................................................................. 19
1
, Migration Aspirations................................................................................................. 19
The Role of the Migration infrastructure....................................................................20
Migration Aspirations (Survey Data)..........................................................................20
Migration Outcomes.................................................................................................. 20
Policy Interventions................................................................................................... 21
III. Mobility Bias and Widespread Immobility.................................................21
Explaining Widespread Immobility................................................................................21
Legal, Financial and Social Constraints......................................................................21
Understanding the Aspiration to Stay........................................................................22
Lecture 3: the politics of migration and mobbility..........................................23
1. Global Mobility Infrastructure....................................................................................23
2. Why migration policies (do not) fail..........................................................................24
Examples of policies that failed.................................................................................24
Why Migration Policies Fail........................................................................................25
3. Border regimes......................................................................................................... 25
Externalization.......................................................................................................... 26
Internalization........................................................................................................... 26
Contesting (resisting) Borders...................................................................................26
Individual Rights vs National Sovereignty.................................................................27
Sources of Violence................................................................................................... 28
Family Reunification in Belgium................................................................................28
Beyond the Law......................................................................................................... 28
Obvious Reasons for Violence:..................................................................................29
Less Obvious Reasons for Violence:..........................................................................29
4. But do migration policies fail?..................................................................................29
Lecture 4: migration laws and policies...........................................................30
I. Migration law and territorial sovereignty....................................................30
Migration Law Concerns Two Main Groups:...................................................................30
What Makes a State:..................................................................................................... 30
acceptance of Migrants:................................................................................................30
Immigration Control:..................................................................................................... 31
Changes in Territorial Sovereignty:...............................................................................31
I. Human Rights and Migration......................................................................31
1. Starting points: tension with national sovereignty....................................................31
Tension Within Migration Law....................................................................................32
The Role of the European Court of the Human Rights (ECtHR)..................................32
Key Terms................................................................................................................. 32
Differences Between ECtHR and Inter-American Court of the Human Rights (IACtHR)
.................................................................................................................................. 32
1. starting point: Broad Field of Application..................................................................32
When Are Human Rights Obligations Triggered?.......................................................33
Human Rights of Migrants......................................................................................... 33
2. Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment.....................................33
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR):...............................33
3.Right to Respect for Private and Family Life..............................................................34
Summary................................................................................................................... 35
4. Access to human rights.............................................................................................35
2
, Introduction............................................................................................................... 35
The Concept of Access and Effectiveness..................................................................35
The Gap Between Ideals and Reality.........................................................................36
III. The EU legal and policy framework...........................................................36
General......................................................................................................................... 36
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.............................................36
Human Rights Obligations......................................................................................... 37
Treaty on European Union (TEU)...............................................................................37
European Migration Law............................................................................................ 37
Migration Law Overview............................................................................................ 38
EU Asylum and Migration Law...................................................................................38
Forced Migration........................................................................................................... 38
International Protection............................................................................................. 38
Subsidiary Protection................................................................................................. 39
Temporary and National Protection...........................................................................39
the New Pact on Migration and Asylum.........................................................................40
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 41
Lecture 5:.................................................................................................... 41
Lecture 6_Contemporary forms of racism and discrimination..........................43
Introduction.................................................................................................................. 43
Conceptualizing Racism and Discrimination.................................................................43
Common Ground....................................................................................................... 43
Different Manifestations(phenomenon) of ETHNIC Discrimination.............................43
Example.................................................................................................................... 45
A. ECONOMICS of discrimination...................................................................................45
Discrimination in Economics......................................................................................45
Measuring Discrimination.......................................................................................... 46
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 48
B. social psychology...................................................................................................... 48
Views on Racism & Discrimination:...........................................................................48
Henri Tajfel and the Minimal Group Experiment........................................................48
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979)...........................................................48
Implicit and Explicit Biases........................................................................................49
Added Value and Limitations of Social Psychology....................................................49
Summary................................................................................................................... 49
C. Sociology.................................................................................................................. 49
view on racism & discrimination................................................................................50
Racialized Social System........................................................................................... 50
Understanding Racialisation......................................................................................50
Racialised Social System Hierarchies........................................................................50
Inequality in Power.................................................................................................... 50
Racism as an Ideology............................................................................................... 50
Racial Contestation................................................................................................... 51
White Privilege.......................................................................................................... 51
Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.............................................................................51
Ethnic Boundary Theory............................................................................................ 51
Tamara Tamimi......................................................................................................... 52
Critical Race Theory.................................................................................................. 52
Example: Colak, Van Praag & Nicaies (2020)............................................................52
White Privilege and Critical Race Theory...................................................................53
Sociology methodes and limitations..........................................................................53
3
, Lecture 7: Language and access to social services.........................................54
Introduction: Language matters to migrants and refugees...........................................54
Why Language Matters to Migrants and Refugees....................................................54
Linguistic Vulnerability.............................................................................................. 54
Theory and Method in Migration Studies.......................................................................54
Language Research................................................................................................... 55
Language Research in Migration Studies...................................................................55
Socially Engaged and Participatory Research............................................................55
Lessons from Language Research in Migration/Refugee Settings.................................55
Key Points................................................................................................................. 55
Case Study 1: Language and Access to Protection.......................................................56
Undocumented Migrants........................................................................................... 56
Language Rights of Applicants for International Protection.......................................56
Linguistic Analysis: Impact of Mediation....................................................................57
Judgment by the Council of Alien Law Litigation........................................................57
Decision of Refusal.................................................................................................... 57
questions................................................................................................................... 57
Key points................................................................................................................. 58
Case Study 2: Language and Access to Medical Care...................................................58
Introduction............................................................................................................... 58
Language and Patients' Rights..................................................................................58
Case of G................................................................................................................... 58
Medical and Social Reports........................................................................................ 58
Challenges in Providing Care.....................................................................................59
Impact on Quality of Care.............................................................................................59
Research Findings..................................................................................................... 59
Flemish GPs and Language Barriers..............................................................................60
Use of Informal Interpreters......................................................................................60
Strategies to Overcome Language Barriers...............................................................60
Impact on Quality of Care.......................................................................................... 61
Policy and Work Context........................................................................................... 61
Case Studies from the Netherlands and Belgium......................................................61
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 61
Lecture 8: International and regional regimes of refugee protection and return
................................................................................................................... 61
deel 1:......................................................................................................... 61
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION / ASYLUM.......................................................................61
IP &/or ASYLUM.......................................................................................................... 61
The Global Displacement Crisis.................................................................................62
Criteria for Legal Protection.......................................................................................62
The UNHCR’s Mandate and Role................................................................................63
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 63
International Regime of Refugee Protection.................................................................64
Principles of Refugee Protection................................................................................64
Refugee Status.......................................................................................................... 65
State Responsibility and Solidarity................................................................................65
Responsibility Under International Law.....................................................................65
Resettlement............................................................................................................. 66
UNHCR and State Cooperation..................................................................................66
Externalization.......................................................................................................... 66
DEFINITION Subsidiary protection.............................................................................66
Critical Perspectives..................................................................................................... 67
4
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: has the worls become more migratory?...........................................6
Concepts and measures................................................................................................. 6
WHAT IS MIGRATION?.................................................................................................. 6
Migration vs. Mobility.................................................................................................. 7
Battle for Words: Migrants vs. Refugees......................................................................7
Migration statistics...................................................................................................... 8
A short migration history................................................................................................ 9
EARLY MIGRATION....................................................................................................... 9
MIGRATION IS OF ALL TIMES........................................................................................9
EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION SINCE WWII......................................................................9
Global Migration Trends.................................................................................................. 9
Lecture 2: why do people stay or move?........................................................11
I. (International) Migration theories..............................................................11
Theoretical Frameworks on Migration........................................................................11
Different Social Theory Paradigms............................................................................11
Functionalist approaches & equilibrium theories..........................................................12
Early foundations: Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration (1885; 1889)..............................12
Lee’s Push-Pull Model of Migration (1966).................................................................13
Neo-Classical (Macro-Economic) Migration Theory....................................................13
Neo-Classical (Micro-Economic) Migration Theory.....................................................13
Limitations of the Push-Pull Models...........................................................................13
Limitations of Neo-Classical Theories........................................................................14
Historical-Structural Theories of Migration....................................................................14
World-Systems Theory.............................................................................................. 14
Dual Labor Market Theory......................................................................................... 14
Limitations of Structural Theories..............................................................................15
Meso-Level/Internal Dynamics Theories........................................................................15
New Economics of Labor Migration............................................................................15
Migrant Networks Theory.......................................................................................... 16
Case Study: Pride and Concrete in Romania.............................................................16
Cumulative Causation of Migration...............................................................................16
Positive Bias in Research on Migrant Networks.............................................................17
Dark Side of Social Capital (Portes '98).........................................................................17
Expansion 'Ad-Infinitum'?.............................................................................................. 17
Sum-Up: Theoretical Models of Migration......................................................................18
Complementary Approaches.........................................................................................18
II. Aspirations and (cap)ability framework.....................................................18
Aspirations and (Cap)ability Framework.......................................................................18
Towards a Unified Theory of Migration......................................................................18
Migration, Function of Aspirations & (Cap)Abilities....................................................19
The Mechanisms of Migration....................................................................................19
A Desire for Change.................................................................................................. 19
1
, Migration Aspirations................................................................................................. 19
The Role of the Migration infrastructure....................................................................20
Migration Aspirations (Survey Data)..........................................................................20
Migration Outcomes.................................................................................................. 20
Policy Interventions................................................................................................... 21
III. Mobility Bias and Widespread Immobility.................................................21
Explaining Widespread Immobility................................................................................21
Legal, Financial and Social Constraints......................................................................21
Understanding the Aspiration to Stay........................................................................22
Lecture 3: the politics of migration and mobbility..........................................23
1. Global Mobility Infrastructure....................................................................................23
2. Why migration policies (do not) fail..........................................................................24
Examples of policies that failed.................................................................................24
Why Migration Policies Fail........................................................................................25
3. Border regimes......................................................................................................... 25
Externalization.......................................................................................................... 26
Internalization........................................................................................................... 26
Contesting (resisting) Borders...................................................................................26
Individual Rights vs National Sovereignty.................................................................27
Sources of Violence................................................................................................... 28
Family Reunification in Belgium................................................................................28
Beyond the Law......................................................................................................... 28
Obvious Reasons for Violence:..................................................................................29
Less Obvious Reasons for Violence:..........................................................................29
4. But do migration policies fail?..................................................................................29
Lecture 4: migration laws and policies...........................................................30
I. Migration law and territorial sovereignty....................................................30
Migration Law Concerns Two Main Groups:...................................................................30
What Makes a State:..................................................................................................... 30
acceptance of Migrants:................................................................................................30
Immigration Control:..................................................................................................... 31
Changes in Territorial Sovereignty:...............................................................................31
I. Human Rights and Migration......................................................................31
1. Starting points: tension with national sovereignty....................................................31
Tension Within Migration Law....................................................................................32
The Role of the European Court of the Human Rights (ECtHR)..................................32
Key Terms................................................................................................................. 32
Differences Between ECtHR and Inter-American Court of the Human Rights (IACtHR)
.................................................................................................................................. 32
1. starting point: Broad Field of Application..................................................................32
When Are Human Rights Obligations Triggered?.......................................................33
Human Rights of Migrants......................................................................................... 33
2. Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment.....................................33
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR):...............................33
3.Right to Respect for Private and Family Life..............................................................34
Summary................................................................................................................... 35
4. Access to human rights.............................................................................................35
2
, Introduction............................................................................................................... 35
The Concept of Access and Effectiveness..................................................................35
The Gap Between Ideals and Reality.........................................................................36
III. The EU legal and policy framework...........................................................36
General......................................................................................................................... 36
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.............................................36
Human Rights Obligations......................................................................................... 37
Treaty on European Union (TEU)...............................................................................37
European Migration Law............................................................................................ 37
Migration Law Overview............................................................................................ 38
EU Asylum and Migration Law...................................................................................38
Forced Migration........................................................................................................... 38
International Protection............................................................................................. 38
Subsidiary Protection................................................................................................. 39
Temporary and National Protection...........................................................................39
the New Pact on Migration and Asylum.........................................................................40
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 41
Lecture 5:.................................................................................................... 41
Lecture 6_Contemporary forms of racism and discrimination..........................43
Introduction.................................................................................................................. 43
Conceptualizing Racism and Discrimination.................................................................43
Common Ground....................................................................................................... 43
Different Manifestations(phenomenon) of ETHNIC Discrimination.............................43
Example.................................................................................................................... 45
A. ECONOMICS of discrimination...................................................................................45
Discrimination in Economics......................................................................................45
Measuring Discrimination.......................................................................................... 46
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 48
B. social psychology...................................................................................................... 48
Views on Racism & Discrimination:...........................................................................48
Henri Tajfel and the Minimal Group Experiment........................................................48
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979)...........................................................48
Implicit and Explicit Biases........................................................................................49
Added Value and Limitations of Social Psychology....................................................49
Summary................................................................................................................... 49
C. Sociology.................................................................................................................. 49
view on racism & discrimination................................................................................50
Racialized Social System........................................................................................... 50
Understanding Racialisation......................................................................................50
Racialised Social System Hierarchies........................................................................50
Inequality in Power.................................................................................................... 50
Racism as an Ideology............................................................................................... 50
Racial Contestation................................................................................................... 51
White Privilege.......................................................................................................... 51
Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.............................................................................51
Ethnic Boundary Theory............................................................................................ 51
Tamara Tamimi......................................................................................................... 52
Critical Race Theory.................................................................................................. 52
Example: Colak, Van Praag & Nicaies (2020)............................................................52
White Privilege and Critical Race Theory...................................................................53
Sociology methodes and limitations..........................................................................53
3
, Lecture 7: Language and access to social services.........................................54
Introduction: Language matters to migrants and refugees...........................................54
Why Language Matters to Migrants and Refugees....................................................54
Linguistic Vulnerability.............................................................................................. 54
Theory and Method in Migration Studies.......................................................................54
Language Research................................................................................................... 55
Language Research in Migration Studies...................................................................55
Socially Engaged and Participatory Research............................................................55
Lessons from Language Research in Migration/Refugee Settings.................................55
Key Points................................................................................................................. 55
Case Study 1: Language and Access to Protection.......................................................56
Undocumented Migrants........................................................................................... 56
Language Rights of Applicants for International Protection.......................................56
Linguistic Analysis: Impact of Mediation....................................................................57
Judgment by the Council of Alien Law Litigation........................................................57
Decision of Refusal.................................................................................................... 57
questions................................................................................................................... 57
Key points................................................................................................................. 58
Case Study 2: Language and Access to Medical Care...................................................58
Introduction............................................................................................................... 58
Language and Patients' Rights..................................................................................58
Case of G................................................................................................................... 58
Medical and Social Reports........................................................................................ 58
Challenges in Providing Care.....................................................................................59
Impact on Quality of Care.............................................................................................59
Research Findings..................................................................................................... 59
Flemish GPs and Language Barriers..............................................................................60
Use of Informal Interpreters......................................................................................60
Strategies to Overcome Language Barriers...............................................................60
Impact on Quality of Care.......................................................................................... 61
Policy and Work Context........................................................................................... 61
Case Studies from the Netherlands and Belgium......................................................61
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 61
Lecture 8: International and regional regimes of refugee protection and return
................................................................................................................... 61
deel 1:......................................................................................................... 61
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION / ASYLUM.......................................................................61
IP &/or ASYLUM.......................................................................................................... 61
The Global Displacement Crisis.................................................................................62
Criteria for Legal Protection.......................................................................................62
The UNHCR’s Mandate and Role................................................................................63
Conclusion................................................................................................................. 63
International Regime of Refugee Protection.................................................................64
Principles of Refugee Protection................................................................................64
Refugee Status.......................................................................................................... 65
State Responsibility and Solidarity................................................................................65
Responsibility Under International Law.....................................................................65
Resettlement............................................................................................................. 66
UNHCR and State Cooperation..................................................................................66
Externalization.......................................................................................................... 66
DEFINITION Subsidiary protection.............................................................................66
Critical Perspectives..................................................................................................... 67
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