Advanced Pathophysiology with well asked question and
correct answers (exam 4)
20-25%
Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____ system, which causes constriction of peripheral
arterioles.
calcium oxalate
most common type of kidney stone
referred pain
Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce ______ to the umbilicus area.
umbilicus
Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area.
10th
,Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter arises from the _____ thoracic nerve root.
urinary tract infection
Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older adults include confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort.
pyelonephritis
infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder
____ and _____ (vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for development
of pyelonephritis.
E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas
What are the three most common microorganisms associated with acute pyelonephritis?
alkaline
Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone formation.
ammonia
Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more alkaline and therefore increases
risk of stone formation.
interstitial cystitis
,Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condition that includes nonbacterial infectious
cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
autoimmune
The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is unknown, but a(n) ______
reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation,
altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
nonbacterial
_______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and fungal causes of the
condition.
noninfectious
_____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and hypersensitivity causes of the
condition.
urine culture, urinalysis
Diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done by these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as
the clinical signs and symtpoms.
white blood cell
_______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather than cystitis. However, these are not
always present.
urea, creatinine, renal creatinine
Reduced glomerular filtration rate during glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma
_______, ______ concentration, or reduced ______ clearance.
, acute glomerulonephritis
____ includes renal diseases in which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms
that damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement
membrane, and epithelium (podocytes).
acute glomerulonephritis
The classic symptoms of ______ include sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and
proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also
accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
3.0
Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in the urine per day.
hypoalbuniemia
_____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin per day.
nephrotic syndrome
______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in the urine each day, hypoalbuminemia,
hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
glomerular
Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury.
primary
____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease, membranous
glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
correct answers (exam 4)
20-25%
Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____ system, which causes constriction of peripheral
arterioles.
calcium oxalate
most common type of kidney stone
referred pain
Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce ______ to the umbilicus area.
umbilicus
Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area.
10th
,Sensory innervation of the upper part of a ureter arises from the _____ thoracic nerve root.
urinary tract infection
Common clinical manifestations of a ________ in older adults include confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort.
pyelonephritis
infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder
____ and _____ (vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for development
of pyelonephritis.
E. coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas
What are the three most common microorganisms associated with acute pyelonephritis?
alkaline
Urine that is acidic/alkaline on the pH scale increases the risk of stone formation.
ammonia
Microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine more alkaline and therefore increases
risk of stone formation.
interstitial cystitis
,Painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a condition that includes nonbacterial infectious
cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
autoimmune
The exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) is unknown, but a(n) ______
reaction may be responsible for the inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation,
altered epithelial permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
nonbacterial
_______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial, chlamydial, and fungal causes of the
condition.
noninfectious
_____ cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and hypersensitivity causes of the
condition.
urine culture, urinalysis
Diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done by these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as
the clinical signs and symtpoms.
white blood cell
_______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis, rather than cystitis. However, these are not
always present.
urea, creatinine, renal creatinine
Reduced glomerular filtration rate during glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma
_______, ______ concentration, or reduced ______ clearance.
, acute glomerulonephritis
____ includes renal diseases in which glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms
that damage the glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement
membrane, and epithelium (podocytes).
acute glomerulonephritis
The classic symptoms of ______ include sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and
proteinuria (milder than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also
accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
3.0
Nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in the urine per day.
hypoalbuniemia
_____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin per day.
nephrotic syndrome
______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in the urine each day, hypoalbuminemia,
hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
glomerular
Nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury.
primary
____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease, membranous
glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
