©PREP4EXAMS @2024 [REAL EXAM DUMPS] Wednesday, July 17, 2024 1:27 AM
Anatomy and Physiology Midterm Test
Questions and Answers (100% Pass)
Define anatomy - ✔️✔️study of structure and shape of body and its parts
Define physiology - ✔️✔️study of how body and parts work or function
What are the levels of organization from atom to organism? - ✔️✔️atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell,
tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is the structure of an atom? What does atomic mass represent? What does atomic number
represent? - ✔️✔️- nucleus (p + n), electrons orbit
-p+n
-p
What makes carbon so important in organic molecules? - ✔️✔️can form 4 covalent bonds - bond to self to
form long chains, single, double, triple
What are the 6 most common elements in the human body? - ✔️✔️NHCOPS - nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon,
oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
What are the 3 major types of bonds and their differences? Be able to illustrate and explain examples of
all 3. - ✔️✔️- ionic - attraction between ions (charged), 1 atom electron doesn't always be the electron
gained
- covalent - share valence electrons, can form single/double/triple bonds
- hydrogen - attraction between polar molecules, weak bonds, holds DNA and other molecules together,
stabilize proteins, also known as electrostatic bonds
What is an ion? How do they form? What is the term that refers to a positive ion? A negative ion? - ✔️✔️-
charged particle, formed as result of ionic bonding
- form from 1 atom gives up electron to air and 1 atom attracts an electron from the air (not necessarily
the same electron)
- cation
- anion
What is an isotope? How do you determine the number of neutrons in an isotope? What are some uses
of isotopes in medicine? - ✔️✔️- variants of an element which has different number of neutrons
- subtract atomic mass and atomic number/protons
Page 1 of 28
, ©PREP4EXAMS @2024 [REAL EXAM DUMPS] Wednesday, July 17, 2024 1:27 AM
- used in nuclear medicine to target cancer cells and in imaging studies
What does pH measure? - ✔️✔️acidity or alkalinity/base of a substance
Explain acids in terms of H+ concentration. What are their pH ranges? What are characteristics of acids? -
✔️✔️- releases H+ ions in water, high concentration of H+ ions
- 0-6
- sour, react with metals
Explain bases in terms of H+ concentration. What are their pH ranges? What are characteristics of bases?
- ✔️✔️- attracts H+ ions when placed in water, low concentration of H+ ions
- 8-14
- bitter, slippery in feel (soap)
What is the function of buffers? - ✔️✔️load/unload H+ ions to keep pH balance and to prevent pH swings
What are the 4 major macromolecules? - ✔️✔️lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
What is the function of lipids and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give examples
of the monomers and polymers it forms. - ✔️✔️- energy storage (very rich, 2 times the energy then
carbohydrates), cushion organs, insulates body (such as whale blubber)
- carbon, hydrogen, and few oxygen which creates long hydrocarbon chains (glycerol and fatty acid (long
hydrocarbon "tail" with COOH group at the "head") chains through dehydration synthesis)
- triglyceride (fat of 3 fatty acids link to glycerol), saturated fat (bonded C to H w/ no C=C double bonds),
unsaturated fat (C=C double bonds in fatty acid), plant and fish fats, vegetable oils, phospholipids
(glycerol, 2 fatty acids - 1 saturated and unsaturated, phosphate group), steroids (4 fused carbon rings),
cholestrol and sex hormones
What is the function of carbohydrates and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give
examples of the monomers and polymers it forms. - ✔️✔️- convert to usable energy, energy storage (2K
calories), structural material (for balancing water level in plants)
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1), monomer - monosaccharides, polymers - polysaccharides
- glucose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose
What is the function of proteins and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give
examples of the monomers and polymers it forms. - ✔️✔️- involved in almost everything - enzymes (lower
activation energy), structure (keratin, collagen), carries and transports (membrane channels), receptors
and binding (defense, antibodies), contraction (actin and myosin), signalling (hormones)
- monomer - amino acids (20) [carbon, amino group, carboxyl group (acid), R group (side chain - variable
group creates unique chemical properties of the amino acid)], polymers - polypeptides; proteins can be 1
or more polypeptide chains folded and bonded together; large and complex molecules give it a 3d shape
-egg, jello, meat
Page 2 of 28
, ©PREP4EXAMS @2024 [REAL EXAM DUMPS] Wednesday, July 17, 2024 1:27 AM
What is the function of nucleic acids and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give
examples of the monomers and polymers it forms. - ✔️✔️- store and transmit hereditary information
(egg/sperm, making proteins)
- nucleotides [3 part - nitrogen base {purines - Adenine (A), Guanine (G) - single ringed; pyrimidines -
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T - DNA), Uracil (U - RNA) - double ringed)} , pentose sugar (5 carbon - ribose in
RNA and deoxyribose in DNA, phosphate group (PO4 group)]
- RNA and DNA
Explain the properties of water, including cohesion, adhesion, polarity, heat of vaporization and solvent
properties? - ✔️✔️- water attracts to itself
- water attracts to anything charged
- most important - uneven sharing valence electrons, partial negative charge near oxygen atom + 2
partial positive charge near hydrogen atom
- large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas, evaporating off skin to cool
- polar makes good solvent for ionic and polar substances, hydrophilic attracts to water, water molecules
separate ionic bonds since surround by H2O, essential for body - medium for metabolic process, allow
dissolved reactants to collide and form products, dissolve waste products to be flush out as urine
Characteristics of prokaryote - ✔️✔️small, simple - no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, bacteria
Characteristics of eukaryote - ✔️✔️larger, complex - membrane bound organelles, nucleus,
plants/animals/fungi/protista
Characteristics of eukaryote and prokaryote - ✔️✔️DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, contains
ribosomes/cytoplasm/DNA/cell membrane as organelles
What is the structure, location and function of plasma/cell membrane? - ✔️✔️- membrane compose of
protein and lipid molecules
- outside layer of cell
- protects cell, regulate passage of material in and out of cell, act as a selective permeable membrane,
allow cells to receive/transmit signals
What is the structure, location and function of cytoskeleton? - ✔️✔️- network of protein filaments
(microfilaments and microtubules)
- in cytoplasm along cell membrane
- provide shape and internal organization (protein filaments), movement
What is the structure, location and function of nucleus? - ✔️✔️- membrane enclosed
- in eukaryotic cells, central region of cell
Page 3 of 28
Anatomy and Physiology Midterm Test
Questions and Answers (100% Pass)
Define anatomy - ✔️✔️study of structure and shape of body and its parts
Define physiology - ✔️✔️study of how body and parts work or function
What are the levels of organization from atom to organism? - ✔️✔️atom, molecule, macromolecule, cell,
tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is the structure of an atom? What does atomic mass represent? What does atomic number
represent? - ✔️✔️- nucleus (p + n), electrons orbit
-p+n
-p
What makes carbon so important in organic molecules? - ✔️✔️can form 4 covalent bonds - bond to self to
form long chains, single, double, triple
What are the 6 most common elements in the human body? - ✔️✔️NHCOPS - nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon,
oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur
What are the 3 major types of bonds and their differences? Be able to illustrate and explain examples of
all 3. - ✔️✔️- ionic - attraction between ions (charged), 1 atom electron doesn't always be the electron
gained
- covalent - share valence electrons, can form single/double/triple bonds
- hydrogen - attraction between polar molecules, weak bonds, holds DNA and other molecules together,
stabilize proteins, also known as electrostatic bonds
What is an ion? How do they form? What is the term that refers to a positive ion? A negative ion? - ✔️✔️-
charged particle, formed as result of ionic bonding
- form from 1 atom gives up electron to air and 1 atom attracts an electron from the air (not necessarily
the same electron)
- cation
- anion
What is an isotope? How do you determine the number of neutrons in an isotope? What are some uses
of isotopes in medicine? - ✔️✔️- variants of an element which has different number of neutrons
- subtract atomic mass and atomic number/protons
Page 1 of 28
, ©PREP4EXAMS @2024 [REAL EXAM DUMPS] Wednesday, July 17, 2024 1:27 AM
- used in nuclear medicine to target cancer cells and in imaging studies
What does pH measure? - ✔️✔️acidity or alkalinity/base of a substance
Explain acids in terms of H+ concentration. What are their pH ranges? What are characteristics of acids? -
✔️✔️- releases H+ ions in water, high concentration of H+ ions
- 0-6
- sour, react with metals
Explain bases in terms of H+ concentration. What are their pH ranges? What are characteristics of bases?
- ✔️✔️- attracts H+ ions when placed in water, low concentration of H+ ions
- 8-14
- bitter, slippery in feel (soap)
What is the function of buffers? - ✔️✔️load/unload H+ ions to keep pH balance and to prevent pH swings
What are the 4 major macromolecules? - ✔️✔️lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
What is the function of lipids and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give examples
of the monomers and polymers it forms. - ✔️✔️- energy storage (very rich, 2 times the energy then
carbohydrates), cushion organs, insulates body (such as whale blubber)
- carbon, hydrogen, and few oxygen which creates long hydrocarbon chains (glycerol and fatty acid (long
hydrocarbon "tail" with COOH group at the "head") chains through dehydration synthesis)
- triglyceride (fat of 3 fatty acids link to glycerol), saturated fat (bonded C to H w/ no C=C double bonds),
unsaturated fat (C=C double bonds in fatty acid), plant and fish fats, vegetable oils, phospholipids
(glycerol, 2 fatty acids - 1 saturated and unsaturated, phosphate group), steroids (4 fused carbon rings),
cholestrol and sex hormones
What is the function of carbohydrates and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give
examples of the monomers and polymers it forms. - ✔️✔️- convert to usable energy, energy storage (2K
calories), structural material (for balancing water level in plants)
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1), monomer - monosaccharides, polymers - polysaccharides
- glucose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose
What is the function of proteins and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give
examples of the monomers and polymers it forms. - ✔️✔️- involved in almost everything - enzymes (lower
activation energy), structure (keratin, collagen), carries and transports (membrane channels), receptors
and binding (defense, antibodies), contraction (actin and myosin), signalling (hormones)
- monomer - amino acids (20) [carbon, amino group, carboxyl group (acid), R group (side chain - variable
group creates unique chemical properties of the amino acid)], polymers - polypeptides; proteins can be 1
or more polypeptide chains folded and bonded together; large and complex molecules give it a 3d shape
-egg, jello, meat
Page 2 of 28
, ©PREP4EXAMS @2024 [REAL EXAM DUMPS] Wednesday, July 17, 2024 1:27 AM
What is the function of nucleic acids and components (building blocks/subunits or monomers)? Give
examples of the monomers and polymers it forms. - ✔️✔️- store and transmit hereditary information
(egg/sperm, making proteins)
- nucleotides [3 part - nitrogen base {purines - Adenine (A), Guanine (G) - single ringed; pyrimidines -
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T - DNA), Uracil (U - RNA) - double ringed)} , pentose sugar (5 carbon - ribose in
RNA and deoxyribose in DNA, phosphate group (PO4 group)]
- RNA and DNA
Explain the properties of water, including cohesion, adhesion, polarity, heat of vaporization and solvent
properties? - ✔️✔️- water attracts to itself
- water attracts to anything charged
- most important - uneven sharing valence electrons, partial negative charge near oxygen atom + 2
partial positive charge near hydrogen atom
- large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas, evaporating off skin to cool
- polar makes good solvent for ionic and polar substances, hydrophilic attracts to water, water molecules
separate ionic bonds since surround by H2O, essential for body - medium for metabolic process, allow
dissolved reactants to collide and form products, dissolve waste products to be flush out as urine
Characteristics of prokaryote - ✔️✔️small, simple - no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, bacteria
Characteristics of eukaryote - ✔️✔️larger, complex - membrane bound organelles, nucleus,
plants/animals/fungi/protista
Characteristics of eukaryote and prokaryote - ✔️✔️DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, contains
ribosomes/cytoplasm/DNA/cell membrane as organelles
What is the structure, location and function of plasma/cell membrane? - ✔️✔️- membrane compose of
protein and lipid molecules
- outside layer of cell
- protects cell, regulate passage of material in and out of cell, act as a selective permeable membrane,
allow cells to receive/transmit signals
What is the structure, location and function of cytoskeleton? - ✔️✔️- network of protein filaments
(microfilaments and microtubules)
- in cytoplasm along cell membrane
- provide shape and internal organization (protein filaments), movement
What is the structure, location and function of nucleus? - ✔️✔️- membrane enclosed
- in eukaryotic cells, central region of cell
Page 3 of 28
